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Don¡¯t Become a Scientist!
Jonathan I. Katz
Professor of Physics
Washington University, St. Louis, Mo.
[my last name]@wuphys.wustl.edu
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Ô¼Äõ¥ I. ¿¨´Ä£¬ÎïÀíѧ½ÌÊÚ£¬»ªÊ¢¶Ù´óѧ
Are you thinking of becoming a scientist? Do you want to uncover the mysterie
s of nature, perform experiments or carry out calculations to learn how the w
orld works? Forget it!
Science is fun and exciting. The thrill of discovery is unique. If you are sm
art, ambitious and hard working you should major in science as an undergradua
te. But that is as far as you should take it. After graduation, you will have
to deal with the real world. That means that you should not even consider go
ing to graduate school in science. Do something else instead: medical school,
law school, computers or engineering, or something else which appeals to you
.
ÄãÔÚ´òËã³ÉΪ¿Æѧ¼ÒÂð£¿ÄãÏë½Ò¿ª×ÔÈ»µÄ°ÂÃØ¡¢ÓÃ×öʵÑé»ò¼ÆËãµÄ·½Ê½À´Ñо¿Õû¸öÊÀ½çÊÇ
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Why am I (a tenured professor of physics) trying to discourage you from follo
wing a career path which was successful for me? Because times have changed (I
received my Ph.D. in 1973, and tenure in 1976). American science no longer o
ffers a reasonable career path. If you go to graduate school in science it is
in the expectation of spending your working life doing scientific research,
using your ingenuity and curiosity to solve important and interesting problem
s. You will almost certainly be disappointed, probably when it is too late to
choose another career.
American universities train roughly twice as many Ph.D.s as there are jobs fo
r them. When something, or someone, is a glut on the market, the price drops.
In the case of Ph.D. scientists, the reduction in price takes the form of ma
ny years spent in ¡°holding pattern¡± postdoctoral jobs. Permanent jobs don¡¯
t pay much less than they used to, but instead of obtaining a real job two ye
ars after the Ph.D. (as was typical 25 years ago) most young scientists spend
five, ten, or more years as postdocs. They have no prospect of permanent emp
loyment and often must obtain a new postdoctoral position and move every two
years. For many more details consult the Young Scientists¡¯ Network or read t
he account in the May, 2001 issue of the Washington Monthly.
ΪʲôÎÒ£¬Ò»¸öÓÐÖÕÉíְλµÄÎïÀíѧ½ÌÊÚ£¬Ò»¸öÔÚ¿ÆѧÊÂÒµÉϺܳɹ¦µÄÈË£¬ÒªÀ´ÊÔͼ´ò»÷
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As examples, consider two of the leading candidates for a recent Assistant Pr
ofessorship in my department. One was 37, ten years out of graduate school (h
e didn¡¯t get the job). The leading candidate, whom everyone thinks is brilli
ant, was 35, seven years out of graduate school. Only then was he offered his
first permanent job (that¡¯s not tenure, just the possibility of it six year
s later, and a step off the treadmill of looking for a new job every two year
s). The latest example is a 39 year old candidate for another Assistant Profe
ssorship; he has published 35 papers. In contrast, a doctor typically enters
private practice at 29, a lawyer at 25 and makes partner at 31, and a compute
r scientist with a Ph.D. has a very good job at 27 (computer science and engi
neering are the few fields in which industrial demand makes it sensible to ge
t a Ph.D.). Anyone with the intelligence, ambition and willingness to work ha
rd to succeed in science can also succeed in any of these other professions.
Typical postdoctoral salaries begin at ?,000 annually in the biological scien
ces and about ?,000 in the physical sciences (graduate student stipends are l
ess than half these figures). Can you support a family on that income? It suf
fices for a young couple in a small apartment, though I know of one physicist
whose wife left him because she was tired of repeatedly moving with little p
rospect of settling down. When you are in your thirties you will need more: a
house in a good school district and all the other necessities of ordinary mi
ddle class life. Science is a profession, not a religious vocation, and does
not justify an oath of poverty or celibacy.
¾ÍÄÃÎÒÃÇϵÀï×îÅ£µÄÁ½¸ö×¼±¸¾ºÕùÒ»¸ö½²Ê¦Ö°Î»µÄÈËÀ´×÷Àý×Ó¡£Ò»¸ö¼Ò»ï37Ë꣬²©Ê¿±ÏÒµ
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Of course, you don¡¯t go into science to get rich. So you choose not to go to
medical or law school, even though a doctor or lawyer typically earns two to
three times as much as a scientist (one lucky enough to have a good senior-l
evel job). I made that choice too. I became a scientist in order to have the
freedom to work on problems which interest me. But you probably won¡¯t get th
at freedom. As a postdoc you will work on someone else¡¯s ideas, and may be t
reated as a technician rather than as an independent collaborator. Eventually
, you will probably be squeezed out of science entirely. You can get a fine j
ob as a computer programmer, but why not do this at 22, rather than putting u
p with a decade of misery in the scientific job market first? The longer you
spend in science the harder you will find it to leave, and the less attractiv
e you will be to prospective employers in other fields.
Perhaps you are so talented that you can beat the postdoc trap; some universi
ty (there are hardly any industrial jobs in the physical sciences) will be so
impressed with you that you will be hired into a tenure track position two y
ears out of graduate school. Maybe. But the general cheapening of scientific
labor means that even the most talented stay on the postdoctoral treadmill fo
r a very long time; consider the job candidates described above. And many who
appear to be very talented, with grades and recommendations to match, later
find that the competition of research is more difficult, or at least differen
t, and that they must struggle with the rest.
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Suppose you do eventually obtain a permanent job, perhaps a tenured professor
ship. The struggle for a job is now replaced by a struggle for grant support,
and again there is a glut of scientists. Now you spend your time writing pro
posals rather than doing research. Worse, because your proposals are judged b
y your competitors you cannot follow your curiosity, but must spend your effo
rt and talents on anticipating and deflecting criticism rather than on solvin
g the important scientific problems. They¡¯re not the same thing: you cannot
put your past successes in a proposal, because they are finished work, and yo
ur new ideas, however original and clever, are still unproven. It is proverbi
al that original ideas are the kiss of death for a proposal; because they hav
e not yet been proved to work (after all, that is what you are proposing to d
o) they can be, and will be, rated poorly. Having achieved the promised land,
you find that it is not what you wanted after all.
What can be done? The first thing for any young person (which means anyone wh
o does not have a permanent job in science) to do is to pursue another career
. This will spare you the misery of disappointed expectations. Young American
s have generally woken up to the bad prospects and absence of a reasonable mi
ddle class career path in science and are deserting it. If you haven¡¯t yet,
then join them. Leave graduate school to people from India and China, for who
m the prospects at home are even worse. I have known more people whose lives
have been ruined by getting a Ph.D. in physics than by drugs.
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If you are in a position of leadership in science then you should try to pers
uade the funding agencies to train fewer Ph.D.s. The glut of scientists is en
tirely the consequence of funding policies (almost all graduate education is
paid for by federal grants). The funding agencies are bemoaning the scarcity
of young people interested in science when they themselves caused this scarci
ty by destroying science as a career. They could reverse this situation by ma
tching the number trained to the demand, but they refuse to do so, or even to
discuss the problem seriously (for many years the NSF propagated a dishonest
prediction of a coming shortage of scientists, and most funding agencies sti
ll act as if this were true). The result is that the best young people, who s
hould go into science, sensibly refuse to do so, and the graduate schools are
filled with weak American students and with foreigners lured by the American
student visa.
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