µÇ¼ | Ê×Ò³ -> »ªÐÂÏÊÊ -> Çóѧʨ³Ç | Çл»µ½£º´«Í³°æ / sForum | Ê÷ÐÎÁбí
GoogleʹÓÃм¼ÇÉ(z)
<<ʼҳ¡¡ [1]¡¡ 2¡¡ 3¡¡ ÏÂÒ³>¡¡ Ä©Ò³>>¡¡

GoogleʹÓÃм¼ÇÉ(z)ÖÚÈËËùÖª£¬Google ÊǸöºÜ³¬ºÃµÄ Search EngineËÑË÷Æ÷¡£
µ«ÄãÖªµÀÂ𣬳ýÁËÓÃGoogle ÔÚÍøÉÏËÑË÷Í⣬Google »¹¿ÉÒÔÈÃÄãÖ´Ðкܶ๦ÄÜÄØ£¡
ºÃ¡£¡£ÈÃÎÒÒ»¼þÒ»¼þµÄ½²½â°É£¡

1£©ÉÏÈ¥ www.google.com
2) ¼üÈëÈκÎÊýѧÌâ¡£
±ÈÈ磺
68787686 + 65676576 - 67876876
sin(pi/3)

sqrt(49£©
3£©°´ Google Search
Äã¿´¡£¡£Google »á°ïÄã¼ÆËãÈκεÄÊýѧÌâŶ£¡
Á¬Ò»Ð©ºÜÉî°ÂµÄÒ²¿ÉÒԵģ¬ÊÔÊÔ¿´°É£¡

ÎÒÕæµÄºÜÅå·þ Google µÄ Engineer¡£
µ±ÄãÔÚËÑË÷µÄʱºò£¬»á²»»áËÑË÷µ½Ò»´ó¶Ñ²»Á¬¹ØµÄ½á¹ûÄØ£¿
ÏëÈçºÎËõСËÑË÷µÄ·¶Î§Âð£¿

±ÈÈç˵£¬ÎÒÏëÒªËÑË÷ÓÐ¹Ø Microsoft Security µÄÎļþ¡£

ÈôÎÒ¾ÍÒÔ Microsoft Security À´ËÑË÷µÄ»°£¬¿ÉÄÜ»áÓÐÒ»´ó¶ÑÓë Microsoft ûÁªÏµµÄ½á¹û¡£

ÄÇÈçºÎÒªÔÚÖ¸¶¨µÄÍøÕ¾ÉÏËÑË÷ÄØ£¿
ºÜ¼òµ¥µÄ£¬´ÏÃ÷µÄ Google ¹¤³ÌʦÔç¾ÍΪÎÒÃÇÏëºÃÁË°ì·¨£¡

¾ÍÒÔ Microsoft Security À´×öʵ·¶¡£
ÔÚ Google ËÑË÷¿òÖÐÊäÈë¡°security site:www.microsoft.com¡±¡£

Google ¾Í»áÏòÖ¸¶¨µÄ www.microsoft.com ÀïÑ°ÕÒÓÐ¹Ø Security µÄÎļþ¡£

ÎÒÒ»Ö±¶¼ÊÇÓÃGoogleµÄ£¬

µ«ÊDz»ÖªµÀËü¿ÉÒÔ°ïÎÒËãÊý¡£¡£¡£ºÇºÇ

ÔÚÕâÀï¸æËßÄãÃÇÒ»¸öÓÐȤµÄÊ¡£ºÙºÙ~
ÔÚwww.google.comÀïÊäÈëelgoog(googleµÄÏà·´)£¬
È»ºó°´search...
È»ºóÔÙ½øÈëËùÕÒµ½µÄÍøÒ³¡£
Äã¾Í»á·¢ÏÖ¡£¡£¡£
ÔÚ¼¸´ÎµÄ²âÊÔÖУ¬·¢ÏÖ Google Ò²ÄÜÓÃÀ´×÷ Conversion µÄ¡£
±ÈÈç˵£¬ÎÒÒªÖªµÀ 54 square meter µÈÓÚ¶àÉÙ square feet £¿


ÎҾͼüÈë 54 square meter in square feet

Èç¹ûÏëÖªµÀ£¬1053564 kb µÈÓÚ¶àÉÙ megabytes£¬ ÄǼüÈë 103636 kb in MB¡£

ÒªËã³ö 234 inch µÈÓÚ¶àÉÙ cm µÄ»°£¬¼üÈë 234 inch in cm¡£

ÔÚ²»Óà Conversion table Ï£¬¾ÍºÜÇáÒ׵ļÆËã³öһЩ¹«Ê½¡£


Óà IE µÄÅóÓÑÒ»¶¨ÊDZ»Î¢ÈíÔÚµçÄÔÀïÉ趨 MSN ËÑË÷Æ÷°É£¿


ÄÇô£¬ÊÇ·ñÄܹ»½«Google×÷ΪĬÈϵÄËÑË÷Ò³ÄØ£¿
´ð°¸Êǿ϶¨µÄ£¬¶øÇÒ°ì·¨ºÜ¼òµ¥¡£
ÔÚä¯ÀÀÆ÷µÄµØÖ·À¸ÊäÈë www.google.com/google.reg£¬°´Enter£¬½«Google.reg ±£´æµçÄÔÀȻºóË«»÷Google.reg ¾ÍÐÐÁË¡£

´Ó´Ë google ¾Í³ÉÁË IE µÄĬÈÏËÑË÷Æ÷¡£
¶Ô Linux ÓÐÐËȤµÄÅóÓÑ£¬ÏëÕÒÓÐ¹Ø Linux ·½ÃæµÄ×ÊÁϵĻ°£¬
Google ÓÐרΪ Linux ÌṩµÄËÑË÷Æ÷¡£

http://www.google.com/linux


BSDµÄÔòÊÇhttp://www.google.com/bsd


Google£¨www.google.com£©ÊÇÒ»¸öËÑË÷ÒýÇ棬YahooºÍÍøÒ׵ȾùÓÃGoogle×÷ΪËÑË÷ÒýÇæ¡£GOOGLEÖ§³Ö¶à´ï132ÖÖÓïÑÔ£¬°üÀ¨¼òÌåÖÐÎĺͷ±ÌåÖÐÎÄ£»GOOGLEÍøÕ¾Ö»ÌṩËÑË÷ÒýÇ湦ÄÜ£¬Ã»Óл¨ÀïºúÉÚµÄÀÛ׸£»GOOGLEËٶȼ«¿ì£»GOOGLEµÄרÀûÍøÒ³¼¶±ð¼¼Êõ PageRankÄܹ»Ìṩ¸ßÃüÖÐÂʵÄËÑË÷½á¹û£» GOOGLEµÄËÑË÷½á¹ûժ¼²éѯÍøÒ³µÄº¬Óйؼü×ÖµÄÄÚÈÝ£¬¶ø²»½ö½öÊÇÍøÕ¾¼ò½é£»GOOGLEÖÇÄÜ»¯µÄ¡°ÊÖÆø²»´í¡±¹¦ÄÜ£¬Ìṩ¿ÉÄÜ×î·ûºÏÒªÇóµÄÍøÕ¾£» GOOGLEµÄ¡°ÍøÒ³¿ìÕÕ¡±¹¦ÄÜ£¬ÄÜ´ÓGOOGLE·þÎñÆ÷ÀïÖ±½ÓÈ¡³ö»º´æµÄÍøÒ³¡£
GOOGLEÓÐËÄ´ó¹¦ÄÜÄ£¿é£ºÍøÕ¾¡¢Í¼Ïñ¡¢ÐÂÎÅ×éºÍĿ¼·þÎñ¡£Ä¬ÈÏÊÇÍøÕ¾ËÑË÷£¬Óû§¿ÉÒÔÁé»îÑ¡ÔñͼÏóËÑË÷¡¢ÐÂÎÅ×éºÍĿ¼·þÎñ¡£


1.»ù±¾ËÑË÷

Âß¼­·û£ºÓ루+¡¢¿Õ¸ñ£©¡¢»ò£¨OR£©¡¢·Ç£¨-£©¡£

*ËÑË÷°üº¬¼¸¸ö¹Ø¼ü´Ê»ò¼¸¸ö¹Ø¼ü´Ê×éºÏµÄÍøÒ³ÐÅÏ¢£¬Ö»ÐèÊäÈë¹Ø¼ü´ÊºÍÂß¼­·û¡£ÈçËÑË÷£º


Ë®µ¾ Æ·ÖÖ×ÊÔ´¡¢ Ë®µ¾ OR Æ·ÖÖ×ÊÔ´¡¢ Ë®µ¾ Æ·ÖÖ×ÊÔ´ -Ò°Éúµ¾ µÈµÈ
*ËÑË÷°üº¬Õû¸ö´Ê×é»ò¾ä×ÓµÄÍøÒ³ÐÅÏ¢£¬±ØÐë¼ÓÓ¢ÎÄÒýºÅ¡£ÈçËÑË÷£º
"ÖйúË®µ¾Æ·ÖÖ×ÊÔ´" ¡¢"Crop Germplasm Resources" µÈµÈ

2.¸ß¼¶ËÑË÷
ÏÞÖÆ·û£ºsite¡¢filetype¡¢inurl¡£

*ËÑË÷°üº¬Ìض¨£¨ÀࣩÍøÕ¾¼°¹Ø¼ü´ÊµÄÍøÒ³ÐÅÏ¢£¬Ö»ÐèÊäÈë¹Ø¼ü´Ê¡¢Âß¼­·ûºÍÏÞÖÆ·û¡£ÈçËÑË÷£º

Ë®µ¾ Æ·ÖÖ×ÊÔ´ site:edu.cn¡¢ "Ë®µ¾Æ·ÖÖ×ÊÔ´" site:icgr.caas.net.cn

Ë®µ¾ filetype:pdf¡¢ Ë®µ¾ filetype:jpg
inurl:mp3

3.ÌØÊâËÑË÷
*ËÑË÷ËùÓÐÁ´½Óµ½Ä³¸öURLµØÖ·µÄÍøÒ³¡£ÈçËÑË÷£º

link:icgr.caas.net.cn
*²éÕÒÓëij¸öÒ³Ãæ½á¹¹ÄÚÈÝÏàËƵÄÒ³Ãæ¡£ÈçËÑË÷£º

related:icgr.caas.net.cn/default.html

*²éÕÒÓëijÁ´½ÓÏà¹ØµÄһЩÐÅÏ¢¡£ÈçËÑË÷£º

info:icgr.caas.net.cn


4.ËÑË÷¼¼ÇÉ

¹Ø¼ü´ÊµÄÑ¡ÔñÔÚËÑË÷ÖÐÆðµ½¾ö¶¨ÐÔµÄ×÷Óã¬ËùÓÐËÑË÷¼¼ÇÉÖУ¬¹Ø¼ü´ÊÑ¡ÔñÊÇ×î»ù±¾Ò²ÊÇ×îÓÐЧµÄ¡£

ÀýÒ»£º²éÕÒСÂóµÄ»ù±¾Çé¿ö
·ÖÎö£ºÈç¹ûÖ»Óá°Ð¡Âó¡±×ö¹Ø¼ü´Ê£¬ËÑË÷½á¹û½«ºÆÈçÑ̺££¬Ã»Ê²Ã´¼ÛÖµ£¬Òò´Ë±ØÐëÒª¼Ó¸ü¶àµÄ¹Ø¼ü´Ê£¬Ô¼ÊøËÑË÷½á¹û¡£Ñ¡Ôñʲô¹Ø¼ü´ÊºÃÄØ£¿¿ÉÒԲµ½µÄÊÇ£¬ÀàËƵÄ×ÊÁÏ£¬Ó¦¸Ã°üº¬ÖîÈ硰СÂóÊô¡±¡¢¡°ÆðÔ´¡±¡¢¡°Ô­²ú¡±¡¢¡°·Ö²¼¡±µÈ´Ê»ã¡£

ËÑË÷£ºÐ¡ÂóÊô ÆðÔ´ ·Ö²¼

Àý¶þ£ºÕÒÈË

·ÖÎö£ºÒ»¸öÈËÔÚÍøÉϽÒʾµÄ×ÊÁÏͨ³£ÓУºÐÕÃû£¬ÐÔ±ð£¬ÄêÁ䣬±ÏҵѧУ£¬¹¤×÷µ¥Î»£¬µç»°£¬ÐÅÏ䣬BP£¬ÊÖ»úºÅÂëµÈµÈ¡£ËùÒÔ£¬Èç¹ûÄãÒªÁ˽âÒ»ÏÂÄã¶àÄêû¼û¹ýµÄͬѧ£¬ÄDz»·ÁÓÃÉÏÊöÐÅÏ¢×ö¹Ø¼ü×Ö½øÐвéѯ£¬Ò²Ðí»áÓдóµÄÊÕ»ñ¡£


ÀýÈý£ºÕÒÈí¼þ

·ÖÎöÒ»£º×î¼òµ¥µÄËÑË÷µ±È»¾ÍÊÇÖ±½ÓÒÔÈí¼þÃû³ÆÒÔ¼°°æ±¾ºÅΪ¹Ø¼ü×Ö²éѯ¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬½ö½öÓÐÈí¼þÃû³ÆºÍÄ¿±êÍøÕ¾£¬ÏÔÈ»»¹²»ÐУ¬ÒòΪËÑË÷µ½µÄ¿ÉÄÜÊÇÈí¼þµÄÏà¹ØÐÂÎÅ¡£Ó¦¸ÃÔÙÔö¼ÓÒ»¸ö¹Ø¼ü×Ö¡£¿¼Âǵ½ÏÂÔØÒ³ÃæÉϳ£ÓС°µã»÷´Ë´¦ÏÂÔØ¡±»òÕß¡°download¡±µÄÌáʾÓÒò´Ë£¬¿ÉÒÔÔö¼Ó¡°ÏÂÔØ¡±»òÕß¡°download¡±Îª¹Ø¼ü×Ö¡£
ËÑË÷£ºwinzip 8.0 ÏÂÔØ

·ÖÎö¶þ£ººÜ¶àÍøÕ¾ÉèÓÐרÃŵÄÏÂÔØĿ¼£¬¶øÇÒ¾ÍÃüÃûΪ¡°download¡±£¬Òò´Ë£¬¿ÉÒÔÓÃINURLÓï·¨Ö±½ÓËÑË÷ÕâЩÏÂÔØĿ¼¡£
ËÑË÷£ºwinzip 8.0 inurl:download

¹²ÏíÈí¼þÏÂÔØÍêÖ®ºó£¬Ê¹ÓõÄʱºò£¬Èí¼þ×ÜÌø³ö¾¯Ê¾¿ò£¬»òÕßÈí¼þµÄ¹¦ÄÜÊܵ½Ò»¶¨ÏÞÖÆ£¬ËùÒÔÓ¦¸ÃÔÙÕÒÒ»¸ö×¢²áÂë¡£ÕÒ×¢²áÂ룬³ýÁËÈí¼þµÄÃû³ÆºÍ°æ±¾ºÅÍ⣬»¹ÐèÒªÓÐÖîÈç¡°serial number¡±¡¢¡°sn¡±¡¢¡°ÐòÁкš±µÈ¹Ø¼ü×Ö¡£ÏÖÔÚ£¬À´ËÑË÷Ò»ÏÂwinzip8.0µÄ×¢²áÂë¡£
ËÑË÷£ºwinzip 8.0 sn

ÀýËÄ£ºÕÒͼƬ

³ýÁËGOOGLEÌṩµÄרÃÅͼƬËÑË÷¹¦ÄÜ£¬»¹¿ÉÒÔ×éºÏʹÓÃһЩËÑË÷Óï·¨£¬´ïµ½Í¼Æ¬ËÑË÷֮ĿµÄ¡£
·ÖÎöÒ»£º×¨ÃŵÄͼƬ¼¯ºÏ£¬ÌṩͼƬµÄÍøվͨ³£»á°ÑͼƬ·ÅÔÚij¸öרÃÅĿ¼Ï£¬Èç¡°photo¡±¡¢¡°image¡±µÈ¡£ÕâÑù¾Í¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃINURLÓ﷨ѸËÙÕÒµ½ÕâÀàĿ¼¡£ÏÖÔÚ£¬ÊÔ×ÅÕÒÕÒË®µ¾µÄÕÕƬ¼¯¡£

ËÑË÷£ºrice inurl:photo


·ÖÎö¶þ£ºÌṩͼƬ¼¯ºÏµÄÍøÒ³£¬ÔÚ±êÌâÀ¸ÄÚͨ³£»á×¢Ã÷£¬ÕâÊÇË­Ë­µÄͼƬ¼¯ºÏ¡£ÓÚÊǾͿÉÒÔÓÃINTITLEÓï·¨ÕÒµ½ÕâÀàÍøÒ³¡£
ËÑË÷£ºintitle:rice picture

ÀýÎ壺ÕÒMP3

·ÖÎöÒ»£ºÌṩMP3µÄÍøÕ¾£¬Í¨³£»á½¨Á¢Ò»¸ö½Ð×öMP3µÄĿ¼£¬Ä¿Â¼µ×Ï·ÖÃűðÀàµÄ´æ·Å¸÷ÖÖMP3ÀÖÇú¡£ËùÒÔ£¬¿ÉÒÔÓÃINURLÓ﷨ѸËÙÕÒµ½ÕâÀàĿ¼¡£ÏÖÔÚÓÃÕâ¸ö°ì·¨ÕÒÕÒÀϸ衰say you say me¡±¡£
ËÑË÷£º"say you say me" inurl:mp3



·ÖÎö¶þ£ºÒ²¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ýÍøÒ³±êÌ⣬ÕÒµ½ÕâÀàÌṩMP3µÄÍøÒ³¡£
ËÑË÷£º"say you say me" intitle:mp3
[Ó¡ÏóÅÉ (2-8 16:25, Long long ago)] [ ´«Í³°æ | sForum ][µÇ¼ºó»Ø¸´]1Â¥

Ó¢ÎÄ¿ÆÑÐÎÄÕÂд×÷¼¼ÇÉa)ÈçºÎÖ¸³öµ±Ç°Ñо¿µÄ²»×ãÒÔ¼°ÓÐÄ¿µÄµØÒýµ¼³ö×Ô¼ºµÄÑо¿µÄÖØÒªÐÔ
ͨ³£ÔÚÐðÊöÁËÇ°È˳ɹûÖ®ºó£¬ÓÃHoweverÀ´Òýµ¼²»×㣬±ÈÈç
However, little information..
little attention...
little work...
little data
little research
or few studies
few investigations...
few researchers...
few attempts...
or no
none of these studies


has (have) been less
done on ...
focused on
attempted to
conducted
investigated
studied
(with respect to)

Previous research (studies, records) has (have)
failed to consider
ignored
misinterpreted
neglected to
overestimated, underestimated
misleaded

thus, these previus results are
inconclisive, misleading, unsatisfactory, questionable, controversial..


Uncertainties (discrepancies) still exist ...


ÕâÖÖÒýµ¼Ò»°ãÌá³öÒ»ÖÖз½·¨£¬»òÕßÒ»ÖÖз½Ïò¡£Èç¹ûÑо¿µÄ·½·¨
ÒÔ¼°·½ÏòºÍÇ°ÈËÒ»Ñù£¬¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ýÏÂÃæµÄ·½Ê½Ç¿µ÷×Ô¼º¹¤×÷µÄ×÷Óãº
However, data is still scarce
rare
less accurate
there is still dearth of

We need to
aim to
have to
provide more documents
data
records
studies
increase the dataset
Further studies are still necessary...
essential...
ΪÁËÇ¿µ÷×Ô¼ºÑо¿µÄÖØÒªÐÔ£¬Ò»°ã»¹ÒªÔÚHowever֮ǰ½éÉÜ×Ô¼ºÑо¿
ÎÊÌâµÄ·´·½Ã棬ÁíÒ»·½ÃæµÈµÈ
±ÈÈ磺
1)ʱ¼äÎÊÌâ
Èç¹ûÄãÑо¿µÄÎÊÌâʱ¼äÉϱȽÏУ¬Äã¾Í¿ÉÒÔ´óÁ¿Ìá¼°¶Ôʱ¼ä½ÏÀϵÄÎÊÌâ
µÄÑо¿¼°ÖØÒªÐÔ£¬È»ºó˵(However)£¬¶Ôʱ¼ä³ß¶È±È½ÏеÄÎÊÌâÑо¿²»×ã
2)ÎïÐÔ¼°Ñо¿ÊÖ¶ÎÎÊÌâ
Èç¹ûÄãÒªÓ¦ÓÃÒ»ÖÖÐÂÊֶλòÕßÑо¿·½Ïò£¬Äã¿ÉÒÔÌá³öµ±Ç°±È½ÏÁ÷Ðеķ½·¨
ÒÔ¼°ÎïÖÊÐÔÖÊ£¬È»ºó˵¶ÔÄãËùÑо¿µÄ·½ÏòºÍ·½·¨£¬Ñо¿ÉõÉÙ¡£
3)Ñо¿ÇøÓòÎÊÌâ
Ê×ÏÈ×ܽáÏàÁÚÇøÓò»òÕßÆäËüÇøÓòµÄÑо¿£¬È»ºóÇ¿µ÷ÕâÒ»ÇøÓòÑо¿²»×ã
4)²»È·¶¨ÐÔ
ËäȻǰÈ˶ÔÕâÒ»ÎÊÌâÑо¿ºÜ¶à£¬µ«ÊÇÄ¿Ç°ÓÐÁ½ÖÖ»òÕ߸ü¶àÖֵĹ۵㣬
ÕâÖÖuncertanties, ambiguities£¬ÖµµÃ½øÒ»²½³ÎÇå
5)Ìá³ö×Ô¼ºµÄ¼ÙÉèÀ´ÑéÖ¤
Èç¹û×Ô¼ºµÄÑо¿ÍêÈ«ÊÇеģ¬Ã»ÓÐÇ°È˵Ť×÷½øÐжԱȣ¬ÔÚÕâÖÖÇé¿öÏ£¬
Äã¿ÉÒÔ×ÔÐŵØ˵£¬¸ù¾ÝÌá³öµÄ¹ý³Ì£¬´æÔÚÕâÖÖ¿ÉÄܵĽá¹û£¬±¾ÎľÍÊÇÒª
֤ʵÕâÖÖ½á¹û¡£
We aim to test the feasibility (reliability) of the ...
It is hoped that the qutestion will be resolved (fall away) with our proposed

method (approach).


b) Ìá³ö×Ô¼ºµÄ¹Ûµã
We aim to
This paper reports on
provides results
extends the method..
focus on

The purpose of this paper is to

Furthermore, Moreover, In addition,, we will also discuss...


c) Ȧ¶¨×Ô¼ºµÄÑо¿·¶Î§
Ç°ÑÔµÄÁíÍâÒ»¸ö×÷ÓþÍÊǸæË߶ÁÕß°üÀ¨(reviewer)ÄãµÄÎÄÕÂÖ÷ÒªÑо¿
ÄÚÈÝ¡£Èç¹û´¦Àí²»ºÃ£¬reviewer»áÌá³öÑÏÀ÷µÄ½¨Ò飬±ÈÈçÄãûÓп¼ÂÇ
ijÖÖ¿ÉÄÜÐÔ£¬Ä³ÖÖÑо¿Êֶεȵȡ£
ΪÁ˼õÉÙÕâÖÖÕùÂÛ£¬ÔÚÇ°ÑԵĽáβÄã¾ÍÒªÃ÷È·Ìá³ö±¾ÎÄÑо¿µÄ·¶Î§£º
1)ʱ¼ä³ß¶ÈÎÊÌâ
Èç¹ûÄãµÄÎÊÌâÉæ¼°±È½Ï³¤µÄʱÐò£¬Äã¿ÉÒÔÃ÷È·µØÌá³ö±¾ÎÄÖ»¹ØÐÄÕâ
һʱ¼ä·¶Î§µÄÎÊÌâ¡£
We preliminarily focus on the older (younger)...
»òÕßÓÐÁ½ÖÖʱ¼ä³ß¶ÈµÄÎÊÌâ (long-term and short term)£¬Äã¿ÉÒÔ˵
Á½Õ߶¼ÖØÒª£¬µ«ÊDZ¾ÎÄÖ»Éæ¼°ÆäÖÐÒ»ÖÖ
2) Ñо¿ÇøÓòµÄÎÊÌâ
ºÍʱ¼äÎÊÌâÒ»Ñù£¬Ã÷È·Ìá³öÄãÖ»¹ØÐÄÕâÒ»µØÇø

d) ×îºóµÄÔ­³¡
ÔÚÇ°ÑÔµÄ×îºó£¬»¹¿ÉÒÔ×ܽáÐÔµØÌá³ö£¬ÕâÒ»Ñо¿¶ÔÆäËüÑо¿µÄ°ïÖú¡£
»òÕß˵£¬further studies on ... will be summarized in our next
study (or elsewhere)


×ÜÖ®£¬ÆäÄ¿µÄ¾ÍÊÇÈöÁÕß°Ñ˼·¼¯Öе½ÄãÒªÌÖÂÛµÄÎÊÌâÉÏÀ´¡£¼õÉÙ
ÕùÂÛ(arguments).

¹ØÓÚ´Ê»ãÒÔ¼°³£Óýṹ£¬Òª¾­³£×ܽᣬ¶à¶Á¶àÄ£·Â²ÅÄÜÈÚ»á¹áͨ¡£
ÔõÑùÌá³ö¹Ûµã

ÔÚÌá³ö×Ô¼ºµÄ¹Ûµãʱ£¬²ÉȡʲôÑùµÄ²ßÂÔºÜÖØÒª¡£
²»ºÏÊʵľä×Óͨ³£»áÔâµ½reviewerµÄÖÃÒÉ¡£

1)Èç¹û¹Ûµã²»ÊÇÕâƪÎÄÕÂ×îÐÂÌá³öµÄ£¬Í¨³£ÒªÓÃ
We confirm that...

2)¶ÔÓÚ×Ô¼ººÜ×ÔÐŵĹ۵ã,¿ÉÓÃ
We believe that...

3)ÔÚ¸üͨ³£µÄÇé¿öÏ£¬ÓÉÊý¾ÝÍƶϳöÒ»¶¨µÄ½áÂÛ£¬
Ó㬠Results indicate, infer, suggest, imply that...

4) ÔÚ¼°ÆäÌرðµÄÇé¿ö²Å¿ÉÒÔÓÃWe put forward
(discover, observe..) .. "for the first time".
À´Ç¿µ÷×Ô¼ºµÄ´´Ð¡£

5) Èç¹û×Ô¼º¶ÔËùÌá³öµÄ¹Ûµã²»ÍêÈ«¿Ï¶¨£¬¿ÉÓÃ
We tentatively put forward (interrprete this to..)

Or The results may be due to (caused by) attributed to
rsulted from..

Or This is probably a consequence of
It seems that .. can account for (interpret) this..

Or It is pisible that it stem from...


ҪעÒâÕâЩ½á¹¹ÒªºÏÀí´îÅä¡£Èç¹ûͨƪÊÇÀàÐÍ1)ºÍ5)£¬
ÄÇÕâƪÎÄÕµÄÒâÒå¾Í´ó´òÕÛ¿Û¡£Èç¹ûÈ«ÊÇ2)£¬¿Ï¶¨»áÔâµ½
ÖÃÒÉ¡£ËùÒÔÒª×Ðϸ·ÖÎö×Ô¼º³É¹ûµÄ´´ÐÂÐÔÒÔ¼°¿ÉÐŶȡ£
Á¬½Ó´ÊÓëÂß¼­

дӢÎÄÂÛÎÄ×î³£¼ûµÄÒ»¸ö벡¾ÍÊÇÎÄÕµÄÂß¼­²»Çå³þ¡£½â¾ö
µÄ·½·¨ÓУº
1)¾ä×ÓÉÏÏÂÒªÓÐÁ¬¹á£¬²»ÄÜÈþä×ÓÖ®¼ä¶ÀÁ¢
³£¼ûµÄÁ¬½Ó´ÊÓïÓÐ, However, also, in addition,
consequently, afterwards, moreover, Furthermore,
further, although, unlike, in contrast, Similarly,
Unfortunately, alternatively, parallel results,
In order to, despite, For example, Compared with
other results, thus, therefore...

ÓúÃÕâЩÁ¬½Ó´Ê£¬Äܹ»Ê¹¹Ûµã±í´ïµÃÓвã´Î£¬¸ü¼ÓÃ÷È·¡£

±ÈÈ磬Èç¹ûÐðÊöÓÐʱ¼ä˳ÐòµÄʼþ»òÕßÎÄÏ×£¬
×îÔçµÄÎÄÏ׿ÉÓÃAA advocated it for the first time.
½ÓÏÂÀ´£¬¿ÉÓÃThen BB further demonstrated that..
ÔÙ½ÓÏÂÀ´£¬¿ÉÓÃAfterwards, CC..
Èç¹û»¹ÓУ¬¿ÉÓÃMore recent studies by DD..


Èç¹ûÐðÊöÁ½Öֹ۵㣬Ҫ°ÑËüÃǽØÈ»·Ö¿ª
AA pput forward that...
In contrast, BB believe

or Unlike AA, BB suggest
or On the contrary (±íÃ÷Ç°ÃæµÄ¹Ûµã´íÎó£¬Èç¹ûÖ»ÊDZíÃ÷
Á½ÖÖ¶ÔÁ¢µÄ¹Ûµã£¬ÓÃin contrast)£¬ BB..
Èç¹ûÁ½ÖÖ¹ÛµãÏà½ü,¿ÉÓÃ
AA suggest
Similarily, alternatively, BB..
Or Also, BB
or BB allso does ..

±íʾÒò¹û»òÕßÇ°ºó¹Øϵ£¬¿ÉÓÃ
Consequently, therefore, as a result,

±íÃ÷µÝ½ø¹Øϵ£¬¿ÉÓÃfurthermore, further, moreover, in addition,


µ±Ð´ÍêÒ»¶ÎÓ¢ÎÄ£¬×îºÃÊ×Ïȼì²éÒ»ÏÂÊÇ·ñ½ÏºÃµØÓ¦ÓÃ
ÁËÕâЩÁ¬½Ó´Ê¡£


2) ¶ÎÂäµÄÕûÌåÂß¼­
¾­³£ÎÒÃÇÒªÐðÊöÒ»¸öÎÊÌâµÄ¼¸¸ö·½Ãæ¡£ÕâÖÖÇé¿öÏ£¬Ò»¶¨Òª×¢Òâ
Âß¼­½á¹¹¡£

Ê×ÏȵÚÒ»¶ÎÒªÃ÷È·¸æË߶ÁÕßÄãÒªÌÖÂÛ¼¸¸ö²¿·Ý
...Therefore, there are three aspects of this problen have to
be addressed.
The first questuon involves...
The second problem relates to
The thrid aspect deals with...
ÉÏÃæµÄÀý×Ó¿ÉÒÔÇåÎúµØ°Ñ¹ÛµãÖð²ãÐðÊö¡£

Or, ¿ÉÒÔÖ±½ÓÓÃFirst, Second, Third...Finally,..

µ±È»,Furthermore, in additionµÈ¿ÉÒÔÓÃÀ´²¹³ä˵Ã÷¡£

3) ÌÖÂÛ²¿·ÝµÄÕûÌå½á¹¹

С±êÌâÊDZȽϺõķ½·¨°ÑÒªÌÖÂÛµÄÎÊÌâ·ÖΪ¼¸¸öƬ¶Î¡£
Ò»°ãµÚÒ»¸öƬ¶ÎÖ¸³öÎÄÕÂ×îΪÖØÒªµÄÊý¾ÝÓë½áÂÛ¡£²¹³ä˵Ã÷
µÄ²¿·Ý¿ÉÒÔ·ÅÔÚ×îºóÒ»¸öƬ¶Î¡£

Ò»¶¨ÒªÃ÷°×ÎÄÕµĶÁÕß»á·ÖΪ¶à¸öµµ´Î¡£ÎÄÕ³ýÁ˱¾×¨Òµ
µÄרҵÈËÊ¿¶Á¶®ÒÔÍ⣬һ¶¨ÒªÏë°ì·¨ÄÜÈøü¶àµÄÍâרҵÈ˶Á¶®¡£
ËùÒÔ¿ÉÒÔ°ÑÌÖÂÛ²¿·Ý·ÖΪÁ½²¿·Ý£¬Ò»²¿·ÝÌá³ö¹Ûµã£¬ÁíÒ»²¿·Ý
Ïêϸ½éÉܹý³ÌÒÔ¼°ÂÛÊöµÄÒÀ¾Ý¡£ÕâÑùרҵÍâµÄÈËÊ¿¿ÉÒÔÁ˽â
ÎÄÕµÄÖ÷Òª¹Ûµã£¬±È½ÏרҵµÄÌÖÂÛËû¿ÉÒÔ°ÑËüµ±³ÉºÚÏä×Ó£¬¶øÕâÒ»
²¿·Ý±¾×¨ÒµÈËÊ¿¿ÉÒÔ½øÒ»²½Ñо¿¡£

ΪÁËʹÎÄÕÂÇå³þ£¬µÚÒ»´ÎÌá³ö¸ÅÄîʱ£¬×îºÃ¼ÓÒÔ¸öÀ¨»¡£¬¸ø³ö
½ÏΪÏêϸµÄ½âÊÍ¡£

Èç¹ûÎÄÕÂÓÃÁ˺ܶàµÄAbbreviation, Á½ÖÖ·½·¨¼ÓÒÔ½â¾ö
1) ÔÚÎÄÕÂ×îºÃ¼ÓÉϸöAppendix£¬°ÑËùÓÐAbreviationÁбí
2) ÔÚ²»Í¬µÄÒ³ÃæÉÏ£¬²»Ê±µØ¸ø³öAbbreciationµÄº¬Ò壬ÓÃÀ´
ÌáÐѶÁÕß¡£

×ÜÖ®£¬Ð´ÎÄÕµÄÄ¿µÄÊÇÒªÈöÁÕ߶Á¶®£¬¶ÁµÃÇåÎú£¬²¢ÇÒ²ÉÈ¡¸÷ÖÖ
´ëÊ©·½±ãÓÚ¶ÁÕß¡£
¶¨Òª×¢Òâ¾ø¶Ô²»ÄÜÈ«Ãæ·ñ¶¨Ç°È˵ijɹû£¬¼´Ê¹ÔÚÄã¿´À´
Ç°È˵ĽáÂÛÍêÈ«²»¶Ô¡£ÕâÊÇÇ°È˹¤×÷×îÆðÂëµÄ×ðÖØ£¬Ó¢ÎÄ
½Ð×ö¸ø±ðÈ˵Ť×÷credits.

ËùÒÔÎÄÕ²»Òª³öÏַdz£negativeµÄÆÀ¼Û£¬±ÈÈçTheir results
are wrong, very questionable, have no commensence, etc.

Óöµ½ÕâÀàÇé¿ö£¬¿ÉÒÔÍñתµØÌá³ö£º
Their studies may be more reasonable if they had
considered this situation.

Their results could be better convinced if they ...

Or Their conclusion may remain some uncertanties.

ÌÖÂÛ²¿·Ý»¹°üÀ¨Ê²Ã´ÄÚÈÝ?

1. Ö÷ÒªÊý¾ÝÌØÕ÷µÄ×ܽá
2. Ö÷Òª½áÂÛÒÔ¼°ÓëÇ°È˹۵ãµÄ¶Ô±È
3. ±¾ÎĵIJ»×ã
µÚÈýµã£¬ÔÚÒ»°ã×÷Õß¿´À´²»¿ÉÈ¡¡£ÊÂʵÉϸø³öÎÄÕµIJ»×ãÇ¡Ç¡
ÊDZ£»¤×Ô¼ºÎÄÕµÄÖØÒªÊֶΡ£Èç¹û¿ÌÒâÒþ²ØÎÄյĩ¶´£¬¾õµÃ
±ðÈË¿´²»³öÀ´£¬ÊǷdz£²»Ã÷Öǵġ£

Ëùν²»×㣬°üÀ¨ÒÔÏÂÄÚÈÝ:
1. Ñо¿µÄÎÊÌâÓеãƬÃæ
ÌÖÂÛʱһ¶¨ÒªËµ£¬
It should be noted that this study has examined only..
We concentrate (focus) on only...
We have to point out that we do not..
Some limitations of this study are...


2. ½áÂÛÓÐЩ²»×ã
The results do not imply,
The results can not be used to determine
be taken as evidence of
Unfortunately, we can not determien this from this data
Our results are lack of ...


µ«ÊÇ£¬ÔÚÖ¸³öÕâЩ²»×ãÖ®ºó£¬ËæºóÒ»¶¨ÒªÔÙÒ»´Î¼ÓÇ¿±¾ÎĵÄÖØÒªÐÔ
ÒÔ¼°¿ÉÄܲÉÈ¡µÄÊÖ¶ÎÀ´½â¾öÕâЩ²»×㣬Ϊ±ðÈË»òÕß×Ô¼ºµÄÏÂÒ»²½
Ñо¿´òϸ¡±Ê¡£
Notwithstading its limitation, this tudy does suggest..
However, these problems could be solved if we consdier
Despite its preliminary character, this study can clearly indicate..

ÓÃÖÐÎÄÀ´Ëµ£¬ÕâÒ»²¿·ÝÊÇ×óÓÒ·êÔ´¡£°ÑÉó¸åÈËÏëµ½µÄÎÊÌâÌáÇ°
¸øÒ»¸ö½»´ú£¬Í¬Ê±±íÃ÷ÄãÒѾ­ÔÚ˼¿¼ÕâЩÎÊÌ⣬µ«ÊÇÓÉÓÚÎÄÕÂ
³¤¶È£¬ÊÔÑé½ø¶È»òÕßÊÔÑéÊֶεÄÖÆÔ¼£¬ÔÝʱ²»ÄܻشðÕâЩÎÊÌâ¡£
µ«ÊÇ£¬ÕâЩͨ¹ýÄãµÄһЩ½¨Ò飬ÕâЩÎÊÌâÔÚ½«À´µÄÑо¿ÖÐÓοÉÄÜ
[Ó¡ÏóÅÉ (2-8 16:28, Long long ago)] [ ´«Í³°æ | sForum ][µÇ¼ºó»Ø¸´]2Â¥

¿ÆÑÐÉú»î¼°ÆäÏ°¹ß¿ÆÑÐÉú»î¼°ÆäÏ°¹ß

Ŀ¼£º
Ò»¡¢Ñо¿ÉúÉú»îºÍÏÖ×´
¶þ¡¢×öºÃ¼Æ»®
Èý¡¢Ñо¿¹ý³ÌÖеÄ×¢Òâµã
ËÄ¡¢ÈçºÎ²éÔÄÎÄÏ×
Îå¡¢ÈçºÎ×÷ʵÑé
Áù¡¢ÈçºÎ·¢±íÂÛÎÄ
Æß¡¢ÈçºÎдÂÛÎÄ
°Ë¡¢ÈçºÎ±£³Ö½¡¿µ
¾Å¡¢ÆäËüһЩС¼¿Á©

ÎÒµÄÈýÄêµÄÑо¿ÉúÉú»î¾Í¿ì½áÊøÁË£¬¸ÕºÃºÃ¼¸¸öºÃÅóÓÑ¿ªÊ¼¶ÁÑо¿Éú£¬ÎÒÏë¾Í°Ñ×Ô¼ºÕâÈýÄêµÄһЩÌå»áдÏÂÀ´£¬¹©ËûÃDzο¼£¬ÈÃËûÃǵÄÑо¿ÉúÉú»î¸üΪÍêÃÀһЩ°É£¡È¡Ãû¡¶Ñо¿ÉúÈçºÎ×öºÃ±ÏÒµ¿ÎÌâ¡·£¬Æäʵ¾ÍÊÇÕû¸öÑо¿ÉúÉú»î¸÷¸ö·½ÃæµÄһЩÌå»áÐĵá£Ï£ÍûÄÜÓÐЩ×÷Óá£ÉíΪÑо¿Éú£¬¿ÎÌâµÄÑо¿¿ÉÒÔ˵ÊǼ¸Ä깤×÷ѧϰµÄÖØÖÐÖ®ÖØ£¬ÈçºÎ×öºÃ±ÏÒµ¿ÎÌâÊÇÿ¸öÑо¿Éú±ØÐë¹Ø×¢µÄ»°Ì⣬ËùÒÔÖ÷Òª¾ÍдÕâ¸ö·½Ãæ¡£

Ò»¡¢Ñо¿ÉúÉú»îºÍÏÖ×´
Ä¿Ç°Ñо¿ÉúÒ»°ãµÚÒ»ÄêÉϿΣ¬ÃûʦÃÅϵÄѧÉúÒ»°ãµÚÒ»ÄêÒ»±ßÉÏ¿ÎÒ»±ß¿ªÊ¼×ÅÊÖ¿ÎÌâµÄÑо¿£¬ÎÒ¾õµÃÕâÑù±È½ÏºÃ£¬ÒòΪÓÐÁË¿ÎÌâÃ÷È·µÄ·½Ïò¾Í¿ÉÒÔÓеķÅʸµÄѧϰ¡£ºóÃæµÄÁ½Äê×ÔÈ»ÊǽøÐÐÑо¿¹¤×÷£¬Ö÷ÒªÍê³É±ÏÒµÂÛÎĺͷ¢±íһЩjournalÂÛÎÄ¡£¹ØÓڿγ̵ÄѧϰÎÒ¾õµÃºÃ¶àÀÏʦµÄ½Ì²ÄºÍˮƽÒѾ­´ó´óÂäºóÓÚÏÖ×´£¬ËùÒÔÖØÔÚ×Ôѧ£¬µ±È»ÀÏʦÃǵľ­ÑéÒ»°ã±È½Ï·á¸»£¬ÖµµÃºÃºÃѧϰ£¬Ö÷ҪѧϰʲôÄØ£¿ÎÒ¾õµÃÕâ¸öѧϰÖ÷ÒªÒ»¸ö·½ÃæµÄÄÚÈݾÍÊÇΪ±ÏÒµ¿ÎÌâ·þÎñµÄ£¬ËùÒÔ¾ÍÎÒÃǵÄרҵÀ´Ëµ£¬ÎÒ¾õµÃÖ÷ҪѧһЩʵÑéµÄ¼¼Êõ£¨°üÀ¨³£¹æ¼¼ÊõºÍм¼Êõ£¬ËäȻм¼ÊõѧУûÓÐÌõ¼þ×÷£¬µ«ÊDZØÈ»ÊǺÜÓÐÓô¦£©£¬·ÖÎö²â¶¨·½·¨£¬Êý¾Ý´¦ÀíºÍʵÑéÉè¼Æ·½·¨£¨Ñ§Ð£ÀÏʦµÄˮƽ²»¼Ñ£¬¿ÉÒÔÏòÓо­ÑéµÄʦÐÖʦ½ãѧϰ£©£¬µ±È»×÷ΪÖйúѧÉú£¬Ó¢ÓïÊÇÒªºÃºÃѧµÄ£¬ÆäʵҲºÜ±ØÒªÓÈÆäÊÇרҵÍâÓÔÚ²éÔÄÎÄÏ×ʱÓÈÆäÖØÒª¡£
Ä¿Ç°ÎÒ¾õµÃÎÒÃÇÑо¿ÉúÓм¸¸ö¼«¶Ë£¬Ò»Ð©È˾ÍË浼ʦµÄ°²ÅÅ×öÊÂÇ飬ûÓÐ×Ô¼ºµÄÏë·¨ºÍ¹Ûµã£¬·´Õýʱ¼äÒ»µ½±ÏÒµ£¬ÎÒÃǵÄÓÐЩͬѧΪµ¼Ê¦×÷ºÃ¶àÏ൱ÓÚ¼ÒÎñʵÄÊÂÇ飬ÎÒ¾õµÃ°ïµ¼Ê¦¸É»îÓÐʱ±ØÒª£¬µ«ÊDz»ÄÜÕ¼ÓÃ×Ô¼ºµÄºÜ¶àʱ¼ä¡£ÁíÒ»ÖÖÈËÊÇÍêÈ«ÓÎÀëµÄ״̬£¬µ¼Ê¦±È½ÏæûÓÐʱ¼ä¹Ü£¬È»ºó¾Í×Ô¼ºÏë¸Éʲô¸Éʲô£¬ÎÒ¾õµÃÕâÑù¸ü²»ºÃ£¬¶¼Ñо¿ÉúÁË£¬×ÔȻҪ×ÔÂÉ£¬Êʵ±µÄºÍµ¼Ê¦±£³ÖÁªÏµ£¬ÕâÑù²ÅÄÜÔÚѧµ½¶«Î÷µÄͬʱÍê³ÉºÃ×Ô¼ºµÄ¿ÎÌâÑо¿¡£

¶þ¡¢×öºÃ¼Æ»®
ÎÒÊǸö°®×÷¼Æ»®µÄÈË£¬Êµ¼ÊÉÏËäÈ»Ñо¿ÉúÉú»îÓÐÈýÄ꣬µ«ÊǹýÆðÀ´N¿ì£¬ËùÒÔÎÒ¾õµÃ×öºÃ¼Æ»®ÊǺܱØÒªµÄ£¬±ØÈ»ÓÐЩÈËÔÚÕâÆäÖÐÒª´ò¹¤£¬Òª³ö¹ú£¬Òª¿¼Ê²Ã´Ö¤ÊéµÈ£¬Ê±¼ä¾Í¸üΪ±¦¹ó£¬ËùÒԼƻ®»¹ÊÇÓÈÆäÖØÒªµÄ¡£ÔÚÈýÄêÖУ¬Òª×÷µÄÊÂÇéºÜ¶à£¬±ÈÈç·¢±íÂÛÎÄ£¬Òª¾­¹ý¼¸´ÎÉó¸å£¬Ò»°ãÒª1-2¸öÔ£¬µ½·¢±í¶àµÄÒª6¸öÔ£¬ËùÒÔÒªÌáǰͶ¸å£¬ÓÐЩÈ˵ȵ½´ð±ç¾ÍÌ«Íí£¬ÕâÖ»ÊǸöÀý×Ó£¬ÆäËü»¹ÓкܶàÊÂÇéÒªºÃºÃ°²ÅÅ¡£
×÷¿ÎÌâµÄÖ÷Òª²½ÖèºÍÄÚÈÝ£º¿ªÊ¼µ¼Ê¦¸ø¿ÎÌâ×Ô¼ºÑ¡»òÕß×Ô¼ºÕÒ¿ÎÌ⣨×Ô¼ºÕұȽÏÂé·³£¬×îºÃÕҺü¸¸ö¸øµ¼Ê¦»òÕßÓо­ÑéµÄÈË¿´£©£¬ÕâÆäÖÐҪעÒâµÄÎÊÌâ¾ÍÊÇ×Ô¼ºµÄʵÑéÊÒÓÐûÓÐʵÑéÒÇÆ÷µÄÌõ¼þ¿ÉÒÔÂú×ã×Ô¼º×÷Ïà¹ØµÄÑо¿£¬²â¶¨·ÖÎö·ÖÀëµÈ·½·¨ÐèÒªµÄ²ÄÁÏÈݲ»ÈÝÒ׵õ½£¬ÊµÑéÔ­Áϵȵȡ£Ñ¡¶¨¿ÎÌâÒÔºó¾ÍÊǶԿÎÌâ½øÐвéкÍÑо¿£¬¿´¿´¸Ã¿ÎÌâµÄÑо¿½øÕ¹£¬¶Ô×Ô¼ºÒÔºóµÄÑо¿ÒªÓÐÒ»¸ö³õ²½µÄÏë·¨£¬ÕâÀïÌáµ½Ò»µã¾ÍÊǶÔÖÐÎÄÎÄÏ×£¬ÓÈÆäÊǷǺËÐÄ¿¯ÎҪ³ÖÓл³ÒɵÄ̬¶ÈÈ¥¿´£¬Ö»ÄÜÊǶԳ£Ê¶ÐÔµÄÁ˽⣬ÕæÕýµÄÑо¿ÒªÓÐ×ã¹»µÄÓ¢ÎÄ×ÊÁÏ£¬Í¬Ê±Ò²Ìá¸ß×Ô¼ºµÄÓ¢ÎÄÄÜÁ¦¡£ÒªÊÇÕâÒ»²½×÷²»ºÃ£¬ºóÀ´·¢ÏÖÔÚÖØж¨¿ÎÌⶼ±È½Ï±¯²ÒÀ²£¡£¨Í¬Ñ§ÖÐÓÐÀý×Ó£©Èç¹ûÄãµÄÑо¿½á¹û¿Ï¶¨¿ÉÒÔ½øÐÐÑо¿ÁË£¬¾ÍÒª½øÐÐһЩ³õ²½µÄʵÑ飬һÀ´Êµ¼ÊÁ˽âÒ»ÏÂʵÑ飬¶þÀ´´ÓÕûÌåÉ϶Ô×Ô¼ºÊµÑéµÄÄѶÈÓÐÌå»á¡£È»ºó¾ÍÊÇ°´ÕÕÖƶ¨µÄ¼Æ»®È«ÃæµÄ¿ªÊ¼Ñо¿£¬×îºó½×¶Î¾ÍÊÇдÂÛÎÄ´ð±ç¡£¿´ÆðÀ´ºÜ¼òµ¥£¬µ«ÊÇÆäÖÐÓкöàÊÂÇéÒª×÷¡£
´óֵݲÅÅÈçÏ£º£¨¸÷ÈËÇé¿ö²»Í¬£©
µÚһѧÆÚ£ºÁ˽âÊìϤ¿ÎÌ⣬ѧϰ¿Î³Ì
µÚ¶þѧÆÚ£º²éÔÄÑо¿£¬È·¶¨¿ÎÌ⣬Êʵ±ÊìϤʵÑ飬ѧϰ¿Î³Ì
µÚÈýѧÆÚ£º¿ªÊ¼Ñо¿£¬È«ÃæÊìϤ
µÚËÄѧÆÚ£º¿ªÊ¼·¢±íÂÛÎÄ£¬Ö÷ҪʵÑé½×¶Î
µÚÎåѧÆÚ£º×îºóʵÑé²¹³ä£¬·¢±íÑо¿ÂÛÎÄ
µÚÁùѧÆÚ£ºÐ´ÂÛÎÄ´ð±ç
µ±È»×÷ʵÑéµÄ¾ßÌå¼Æ»®Òª·Ç³£×Ðϸ¡£

Èý¡¢Ñо¿¹ý³ÌÖеÄ×¢Òâµã£º
¡ô´¦ÀíÊý¾Ý¶¨ÆÚ»ã×Ü
ÎÒ¸öÈËÈÏΪҪÑø³ÉºÃµÄÏ°¹ß£¬Ã¿ÌìÐè×ܽᵱÌìʵÑéÇé¿ö£¬²¢³õ²½µÄ½øÐзÖÎö£¬Èç¹û¸ÃʵÑéÒªºÃ¼¸Ìì²ÅÄÜÍê³ÉÔòÒªÁ¢¼´½øÐзÖÎö£¬ÒªÊdz¤ÆÚ¸ãÑо¿µÄ×îºÃÓÐÑо¿ÈÕÖ¾£¬ÕâÑù²»¹ÜʵÑé½øÐжà¾ÃÒ²Óоݿɲ飡¶øÇÒдÂÛÎÄ¿ÉÒÔÇáËɺö࣡
¡ôÉè¼ÆºÍ´¦ÀíʵÑé
ÒªÓö̵Äʱ¼ä×÷¸ü¶àµÄʵÑé»òÕß×öºÃʵÑé¾ÍÒª²ÉÓúõÄʵÑéÉè¼Æ·½·¨£¬±Ø½«Ê°빦±¶£¡µ±È»ÔËÓÃÈí¼þÒ²ºÜÊÇÖØÒª¡£×î»ù´¡µÄÊÇofficeÀïÃæµÄword¡¢excelºÍPowerPoint
Æä´Î¹ÜÀíÎÄÏ×ÒªÓõ½Scinote¡¢Reference manager´¦ÀíÊý¾ÝÒªÓÃSPSS¡¢SASµ±È»Ò»°ãµÄ´¦Àí»¹ÊÇÓÃExcel±È½Ï·½±ã£¬²»¹ýһЩ¸´ÔӵĻ¹ÊÇҪѧ£¬»­·Ö×Óʽ£¬ÈýάЧ¹ûChem.
Office¡¢Chemistry WindowsµÈµÈ£¬¼ÆËãMathCAD£¬½¨Ä£MathematicµÈµÈ£¬ÆäʵÓÐЩ¹¦ÄÜÊÇ´óµÄÈí¼þ¶¼Óеġ£Èí¼þÒ²²»Ö¹Õâô¼¸¸ö£¬·´ÕýÊÇÒªºÃºÃѧ£¡¹ãÀ«µÄѧ£¡
¡ôÊÊʱµÄ²¹³äÎÄÏ×
ÊÀ½çÿһÌ춼Ôڱ仯£¬Òª²»¶Ï²¹³äеÄÎÄÏ×£¬Æä´ÎʵÑé¿ÉÄÜ£¬ºÜ¿ÉÄܺÍ×Ô¼ºÏëÏóµÄ²îÒìºÜ´ó£¬Õâʱºò¾ÍÒªÔÙ²éÔÄһЩÎÄÏ×À´½øÐÐÑо¿£¬ÓÐʱºòÒª¶Ô×Ô¼ºµÄ¼Æ»®×÷ºÜ´óµÄÐ޸ģ¡
¡ô½»Á÷µÄ˼Ïë
ÏÖÔÚÍøÂçÔ½À´Ô½·½±ã£¬Ò»¶¨ÒªÓн»Á÷µÄ˼Ï룬ÏÖÔÚÄÇЩ½ÌÊÚ´ó¶àÊýΪÁ˱£ÃÜ£¬»òÕßÁìÏÈÓÚÈ˵ÈÆäËüµÈµÈÔ­Òò£¬¸ãµÃºÜÄѽ»Á÷£¬¿ÎÌâÌÖÂÛµÄÆø·ÕҲûÓС£ËùÒÔ½»Á÷ÕâÒ»µãÎÒ¾õµÃºÜÖØÒª£¬Ä¿Ç°µÄ×´¿öÆäʵÊÇÏÞÖÆÑо¿ÉúÑо¿Ë®Æ½Ìá¸ßµÄÒ»¸öÖØÒª·½Ã棬ƽʱҪעÒâºÍͬѧ£¬Ê¦³¤£¬ÀÏʦ½»Á÷£¬µ±È»BBSÒ²ÊÇÒ»¸öºÜºÃµÄ;¾¶£¬ÊÀ¼ä¸ßÊֺܶ࣬Ïòÿһ¸öÓÐÓŵãµÄÈËѧϰ£¬Æäʵÿ¸öÈ˶¼ÓÐÓŵ㣬ËùÒÔ½»Á÷Ò²¾ÍÊǸöѧϰµÄ¹ý³Ì£¬ºÜÖØÒª£¡

ËÄ¡¢ÈçºÎ²éÔÄÎÄÏ×
ÓÉÓڴ󲿷ÖԺУδÄܹºÂô¹úÄÚÍâÉÌҵҽѧÊý¾Ý¿â£¬ÈçPUBMED¡¢ElseVierµÈ£¬Òò¶ø¼ìË÷¹úÍâÈ«ÎÄÎÄÏ׺ܸ´ÔÓ¡£ÕâÍùÍù³ÉΪÉÙÊýѧУµÄרÀû¡£ÕâÌ«¿ÉϧÁË£¬ÓÉÓÚ°æȨµÈ¶àÖÖÔ­Òò£¬ÏÂÃæ½éÉÜһЩ¿ÉÐеķ½·¨¡£
¡ô¸ù¾Ý×÷ÕßE-mailµØÖ·£¬Ïò×÷ÕßË÷Òª¡£
ÕâÊÇ×îÓÐЧµÄ·½·¨Ö®Ò»¡£ÎªÁ˸ü·½±ã´ó¼ÒÏò×÷ÕßË÷È¡Ô­ÎÄ£¬µ«Ò»¶¨Òª¼ò½à£¡Ò»°ã¶¼Ô¸ÒâÏòÄãÌṩ¡£Èç¹û×÷ÕßÓÐ×Ô¼ºµÄÖ÷Ò³£¬¿ÉÒÔÈ¥×÷ÕßµÄÖ÷Ò³¿´¿´¡£²»¹ýÒ»°ã²éÕÒ×÷ÕßµÄÖ÷Ò³µ¹²»ÈÝÒ×£¡
¼ÇסÄãµÄÐÅÏ価Á¿´óÒ»µã£¬·ñÔòһЩ´óµÄÎļþ¸ã²»¶¨£¡ÏÂÃæÊÇÁªÏµÐŵÄÄ£°æ£º
1 Dear Mr./Mrs.: ________£¨Author name£©
I am a graduate student of Harbin Medical University in China. I major in "________"£¨ÄúµÄרҵ£©.
Recently, I found one of your articles, titled "__________" £¨ÎÄÕÂÃû£©in
Medline. I found it may help me achieve my goals in this research field. This would
make a really positive contribution to my work. I would like to be able to read
the full text of this article. The abstract makes the article sound very interesting.
I know there is usually a fee required to obtain the full article from Medline;
however, as a student, my only income is a small scholarship which is about U S
$30.00 per month. I wonder if you would consider sending me the full text by Email.
Perhaps you would consider this as an act of friendship between our two countries.
Thank you for your kind consideration of this request.
Sincerely: ___________£¨ÄúµÄÃû×Ö£©
My Email address is: ____________________ £¨ÄãµÄemailµØÖ·£©
ÈÕÆÚ£ºÔÂ/ÈÕ/Äê
¡ôÀûÓÃËÑË÷ÒýÇ棺
Ó¢ÎIJÉÓÃÖøÃûµÄËÑË÷ÒýÇ棬ÈçLycos£¬HotBot£¬Yahoo£¬ÎÒµÄÖ÷Ò³µÄÊ×Ò³ºÍÎÄÏ×¼ìË÷ÖоùÓУ¬ÊäÈëÏêϸµÄ¹Ø¼ü´Ê£¨Ò»¶¨Òª¾ßÓÐÌØÕ÷ÐÔ£¬·ÀÖ¹ËÑË÷³öÌ«¶àµÄ¶«Î÷£©£¬Ä©Î²¼ÓPDF¿ÉÄÜЧ¹û¸üºÃЩ¡£ÒªÊǾõµÃ²»·½±ã¾Íµ½www.5566.org½øÈëºóµãËÑË÷£¬ÀïÃæÊÕ¼¯ÁËÊ®¶à¸öÒýÇ棬×ã¹»Äã²éµÄ£¬²»¹ýÒ»°ã°Ù¶ÈºÍgoogle±È½ÏºÃ£¡LycosÒ²²»´í¡£¹Ø¼ü´ÊºÜÖØÒª£¬ÒªÕÆÎÕһЩ¼¼ÇÉ£¬·ñÔò²»ÊÇ©¼ì¾ÍÊÇÑÛÇ°ÊǸöÎļþµÄº£Ñó£¬À̲»µ½Õ룡
¡ô°´²¿¾Í°à£¬¸ù¾ÝÎÄÕ³ö´¦£¬È¥Í¼Êé¹Ý²éÕÒÔ­ÎÄ¡£
µ±È»È¥Ò»Ð©½Ï´óͼÊé¹Ý¡£ ÈçÉϺ£Í¼Êé¹Ý¾Í¿ÉÒԲ鵽»ª¶«µØÇøËùÓÐͼÊé¹Ý¶¼ÓÐÄÇЩ×ÊÁÏ¡£×Ô¼ºµÄ×ÊÁÏÒ²±È½ÏÈ«£¬ÓÈÆäÊÇһЩÈÈÃŵĽüÆڵģ¬ÀϵÄÒ²ºÜ¶à£¬µ«ÊÇÄÇÀïÈ˱Ƚ϶࣬ÓÐʱºòÒª²éºÃ¾Ã£¡ÒªÊÇͼÊé¹ÝÓлú¼ìÊý¾Ý¿â»¹ºÃ£¬ÒªÊÇÖ»ÓÐʲôºñºñµÄCAÄã¾Í±È½Ï±¯²ÒÀ²£¡²é°É£¡¸´Ó¡°É£¡²»ÒªÇ®µ«ÊÇҪʱ¼ä£¡
¡ô¸¶·ÑÖÐÎÄÈ«ÎÄ»òÕßÓë¹úÄÚһЩͼÊé¹ÝÁªÏµ
ÖÐÎÄÎÄÏ×£¬´ó¶àÐèÒªÂò£¬Íò·½Êý¾Ý¿â£¨Íò·½ÏµÍ³ÖÐÓÐ1000ÓàÖÖµç×ÓÆÚ¿¯£¬ÒÔÀí¹¤¿Æ¼¼ÀàΪÖ÷£¬È«²¿ÊǹúÄÚ³ö°æµÄÖÐÎĺÍÓ¢ÎÄÆÚ¿¯£¬±ÈÓ¡Ë¢°æÂÔÍí¡£ÖÐÎÄÎÄÏ×¼ÛÖµÒ»°ãÇ·¸ß£¡£¨¸öÈËÒâ¼û£©CNKI£¨CNKI£ºÖйúÆÚ¿¯ÍøÌṩÈýÖÖÀàÐ͵ÄÊý¾Ý¿â£¬Ìâ¼Êý¾Ý¿â¡¢Ìâ¼ժҪÊý¾Ý¿âºÍÈ«ÎÄÊý¾Ý¿â£¬ÆäÖÐÇ°Á½ÕßÊô²Î¿¼Êý¾Ý¿âÀàÐÍ£¬Ö»ÌṩĿ´ÎºÍÕªÒª£¬¿ÉÔÚÍøÉÏÃâ·Ñ¼ìË÷£¬È«ÎÄÊý¾Ý¿âÐ踶·Ñ¡££©ÖØÇìάÆÕ×ÊѶ¹«Ë¾£¨ÊÕ¼ÓÐÖÐÎı¨Ö½1000ÖÖ,ÖÐÎÄÆÚ¿¯12000ÖÖ,ÍâÎÄÆÚ¿¯4000ÖÖ,ÓµÓй̶¨¿Í»§2000Óà¼Ò¡£Î¬ÆÕÓÐÁ½ÖÖ×¢²áÓû§£¬Ò»ÖÖÊÇ¿ÉÒÔ²éÔÄÈ«Îĵģ¬ÕâÖÖÊÇÒªÊշѵġ££©³¬ÐÇͼÊé¹Ý£¨ÈôÒªÎÄÕ£¬¿Éͨ¹ý³¬ÐÇͼÊé¹Ý£¬´ÓÍøÒ×ÉÏÏÂÔس¬ÐÇͼÊé¹ÝרÓÃÏÂÔØÆ÷¼´¿ÉÃâ·ÑÏÂÔØÁË£¡¼«ºÃ£¡Äú¿ÉÃâ·ÑÏÂÔØÊ®ÍòÖÖÊ飬·ñÔòÄãÒ²¿ÉÒÔÖ±½ÓÔĶÁ¡£
ÓÐЩѧУ¹ºÂò¹ý¾Í²»ÒªÇ®¡£ÕÒµ½ÄãÐèÒªµÄÀà±ð£¬ÔÙÊäÈë¹Ø¼ü´Ê£¬¼ìË÷½á¹û³öÀ´ºó£¬¿ÉÒÔ»ñÖªÎÄÕµijö´¦¡£ÄÚÈÝ֮ȫ£¬·¶Î§Ö®¹ã£¬¸üÐÂÖ®¿ì£¬±ÈÍò·½Êý¾Ý¿âÇ¿¶àÁË¡£µ«¾ÍÊDz»ÄÜÃâ·Ñ²éÈ«ÎĺÍÕªÒª¡£Èç¹ûÄãÔ¸Òâ½»·ÑÒ²¿ÉÒÔ¡£²éµ½ÓйØ×ÊÁÏ¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ýemailÏòÈ«¹ú¸÷µØµÄͼÊé¹Ý¹ºÂò£¬µ«ÊÇÿ¸öͼÊé¹ÝµÄ¼Û¸ñ²»Í¬£¬ÊÂÇ°Ó¦¸ÃÓÐÒ»¶¨µÄµ÷²é¡£
¡ô»ýÀÛһЩ³£³£È¥µÄÍøÕ¾
ºÜ¶à£¡Ã»Ê¸ɵÄʱºòµ½È«¹ú¸÷µØµÄͼÊé¹ÝÍøÕ¾¹ä¹ä£¬¿Ï¶¨ÓкܶàÊÕ»ñ£¡
¡ôÀûÓÃһЩÈí¼þScinote£¬reference managerµÈµÈ
ÕâЩÈí¼þµÄdemo°æ±¾ÍøÂçÀïÃ涼¿ÉÒÔÓÐÏÂÔØ£¬Ò»°ã×Ô¼º»áÊÕ¼һЩÒýÇ棬²»·Á×Ô¼ºÊÔÒ»ÊÔ£¬¶øÇÒ×÷ѧÊõÕâЩÈí¼þÖÁÉÙÒªÓÐЩÁ˽âÀ²£¡
¡ôµ½Ò»Ð©¸ßУÓÈÆäÊÇ211Öصã¸ßУµÄͬѧÄÇÀïÇóµÃ°ïÖú¡£
ÏÖÔÚÍøÂçºÜ·½±ã£¬Ö»ÒªÔÚÕâЩѧУÄÚ²¿µÄÍøÂçÉÏÒ»°ã¿ÉÒÔÏÂÔغܶàÓÐÓõÄÈ«ÎÄ£¬¿ÉÒÔÏȵ½Ïà¹Ø´óѧµÄͼÊé¹Ý¿´¿´¶¼ÓÐʲôÊý¾Ý¿â¡£ÅóÓѶàÒ²ÊǼþºÜºÃµÄÊÂÇ飬ËäÈ»ÊÀ½çÈËÓëÈ˱äµÃ±È½ÏÔ¶£¬¿ÉÊÇÅóÓÑÈ´Ô½À´Ô½ÖØÒª°¡£¡
¡ôµ½Ò»Ð©ÂÛ̳ѰÇó°ïÖú
ÏÖÔÚÎÒ¹úһЩҽѧ»¯Ñ§µÄÂÛ̳×÷µÃºÃºÃŶ£¡ÓÈÆäÊÇÖпÆÔº£¨ÉúÃü¼¼Êõ£©ºÍһЩ±È½Ï´óµÄÅ£µÄ¸ßУ£¨±±´ó¡¢Ç廪¡¢Äϴ󡢸´µ©µÈµÈÀ²£¡£©£¬È¥ÄÇÀïºÍÅ£ÈËÃǽ»Á÷Ñ°Çó°ïÖú£¬Ò»¶¨´óÓÐñÔÒ棡²»ÐÅÄãÊÔÊÔ¿´£¡

Îå¡¢ÈçºÎ×÷ʵÑé
×÷ʵÑéÇ°µ±È»ÒªÏȼƻ®À²£¡ºÜ¾ßÌ壬ÎÒÒ»°ã×÷ʵÑéÇ°Òª×Ðϸ´ôÏë°ëÌ죬×Ðϸµ½Òª¶àÉÙTubes£¬beakers¶¼ÖªµÀ£¬Ã¿¸ö²½ÖèÒª¶àÉÙʱ¼ä£¬ÎÒ¾¡Á¿ÊDz»»áÓ°Ïì³Ô·¹µÄ£º£©¡£×îºÃдÔÚʵÑé¼Ç¼ÉÏÃæ¡£µÈһЩÒÇÆ÷×¼±¸ºÃÁËÔÙ¶¯ÊÖ£¬°´²¿¾Í°à£¬Ò»°ã³É¹¦µÄ°ÑÎվʹ󡣼ǼÊý¾ÝÒªÓÐÒ»¶¨µÄ¸ñʽºÍ¹æ·¶£¬²»ÒªÂÒ£¬ÒªÄܹ»×Ô¼ºÈκÎʱ¼ä¶¼¿ÉÒÔ¿´¶®¡£´¦ÀíÊý¾ÝÒª¼°Ê±£¬²¢Óгõ²½½áÂÛ¡£¶ÔͬһÖÖʵÑéÒª×îºÃ²Î¿¼Á½¸ö²Î¿¼Ê飬²¢×ÐϸÔĶÁ¹ý³Ì£¬ÏëÏëһЩ¹Ø¼üµÄµØ·½¡£ÊµÑéÖл¹ÓÐÒ»¸öÃæ¶Ôʧ°ÜµÄÎÊÌâ¡£Those
who aim at great deeds must suffer greatly.ʵÑé³£³£ÀÛµÄÒªÃü»¹µÃ²»µ½ºÃµÄ½á¹û£¬ÎÒµÄͬѧ¾ÍÓÐ×÷ʵÑéºÜÈÏÕ棬×÷Á˺ܶà´Î»¹Ã»Óеõ½Ô¤ÆڵĽá¹û£¬¶øͬÑùÏàËƵÄʵÑ飬²»ÊǺÜÈÏÕæµÄÈ´ÄÜ×÷³öÀ²£¬ÒªÊÇÎÒÒ²»áÓôÃƵÄÒªÃüµÄ¡£µ«ÊÇûÓа취£¬ÓôÃÆÖ»»áÓ°Ïì×Ô¼ºµÄʵÑé½ø¶È£¬ËùÒÔÒª³ÖÖ®ÒԺ㣬²»¶ÏŬÁ¦¡£µ±È»Óöµ½À§ÄѵÄʱºò£¬Ò²²»ÒªÂù¸É£¬ÒªÍ£ÏÂÀ´ÏëÏë×Ô¼ºÊÇ·ñÔÚijһ¸ö»·½ÚÉϳöÁ˲î´í£¡

Áù¡¢ÈçºÎ·¢±íÂÛÎÄ
·¢±íÂÛÎÄÊǺÜÖØÒªµÄ£¬ÎÒÃÇѧԺҪÇóÿ¸öÈ˱ØÐë·¢±íһƪÒÔÉϵĺËÐÄÂÛÎÄ¡£Òª·¢±íʵÏÖÊÇд£¬×Ô¼ºÏëдµ½Ê²Ã´³Ì¶È£¬µÈдºÃÁË¿´¿´×Ô¼ºÂÛÎĵĵµ´ÎÊʺϷ¢±íʲôÑù×ӵĿ¯Î£¨¹ØÓÚ¿¯ÎïÖªÃû¶Èµ¼Ê¦ÖªµÀ£¬¹ØÓÚ¿¯ÎïµÄÁªÏµÍøÂçÉÏÓУ¬¸÷¸öѧУµÄͼÊé¹ÝÍøÒ³É϶¼Ó¦¸ÃÓУ©ÒªÊÇ·¢±íµÄ¿¯ÎïÌ«²î£¬ÓÐЩ¿Éϧ£¬ÒªÊÇÌ«ºÃ£¬ÃüÖÐÂÊÌ«µÍ¡£ËùÒÔÒªÒ»¸öºÜºÃµÄ¶¨Î»£¬µ±È»·¢±íÇ°Òª¸øµ¼Ê¦¿´¹ý£¬·¢±íÔÚÖÐÎÄ¿¯ÎïÉÏÒªÉÏÍø²é£¨»òÕßµ½Í¼Êé¹Ý²éµÚÒ»ÆÚ£©Í¶¸åÖ¸ÄÏ»òÕßÔ¼¸å¼òÔò£¬¿´¿´¶Ô¸ñʽ£¬¶ÔÄÚÈÝ£¬¶Ô×ÖÊý£¬ÓÐЩÉõÖÁ¶Ô²Î¿¼ÎÄÏ×µÄÌõÊýÒ²Óй涨£¬ÔڼijöÇ°Òª¼ì²éºÃ¼¸´Î£¬¾¡Á¿²»ÒªÓдíÎ󣬸ñʽ·ûºÏ¿¯ÎïµÄÒªÇó£¬ÓÈÆäÊǶԲο¼ÎÄÏ×£¬ÒªÇó±È½Ï¶à¡£·¢Ë͵ķ½Ê½ºÜ¶à£¬×îºÃÎÒÈÏΪEmailºÍÓʼþͬ²½·¢ËÍ£¬ÕâÑùÈ·±£ÂÛÎÄÄܵ½±à¼­ÊÖÖУ¡·¢ËÍͬʱ×îºÃÓÐÒ»¸öºÍÕâ¸öÎÄÕÂÏà¹ØµÄ½éÉܺÍ×Ô¼ºµÄ½éÉÜ£¬¾ÍÊÇ˵×Ô¼ºµÄÎÄÕÂÖØÒª£¬Ð£¬ºÃ£¡µ½ÁËÒ»¸öÔÂ×óÓÒÒªÖ÷¶¯ºÍÔÓÖ¾ÉçÁªÏµ£¬ÒªÊÇÒªÇóÐ޸ĸå¼þҪץ½ôʱ¼äÐ޸ģ¬ÔÚ´ËËͳö֮ǰҪдºÃÒ»·ÝÐÞ¸Ä˵Ã÷£¬¶ÔÐ޸ĵÄÿһ¸öµØ·½×÷Ïêϸ˵Ã÷¡£È»ºó¾¡Ôç¼Ä³ö£¡
¹ØÓÚ·¢±íÓ¢ÎÄÎÄÏ×ÎÒûÓо­Ñ飬²»¹ýÌýʦÐÖ˵ҪעÒ⼸µã£ºÂÛÎÄÓд´Ðµ㣬¾ÍÊDZðÈËûÓеĶ«¶«£»²â¶¨·½·¨ºÍʵÑéÊֶΣ¬ÒÇÆ÷ÒªºÃÏȽø£¬·ûºÏ¹ú¼ÊÒªÇó£»ÊµÑé´¦Àí·½·¨Òª¿Æѧ£»Ó¢Îĵıí´ïÒª·ûºÏ¿ÆѧÂÛÎĵÄÒªÇó£¬ÒªÓÐÒ»¶¨µÄд×÷ˮƽ²ÅÐС£

Æß¡¢ÈçºÎдÂÛÎÄ
дÂÛÎÄ֮ǰҪÑо¿Ò»ÏÂÂÛÎĵĸñʽ£¬Ö»ÊÇ¿´¿´¹ýÈ¥µÄÂÛÎÄ»¹²»Ðеģ¬ÒòΪÓÐЩ¹ýʱ£¬Ò»Ð©Ñ§Ð£½üһЩÄ꿪ʼ£¬Ö𲽶ÔÂÛÎĵĸñʽÓÐÑϸñµÄÒªÇó£¬Ò»°ãÔÚÍøÕ¾É϶¼Óй涨£¬Ò»¶¨ÒªÏÂÔØÒ»·Ý¹ýÀ´¿´¿´£¬È»ºó°´ÕÕ×Ô¼ºµÄʵÑéÄÚÈݳõ²½Äⶨһ¸ö¸ÙÒª£¬°üÀ¨Ã¿Ò»ÕµÄÖ÷ÒªÄÚÈÝ£¬¸øÀÏ°å¿´ÁËͨ¹ýÁËÔÚ½øÐоßÌåµÄд×÷£¬ÒªÊÇƽʱ·ÖÎö»ýÀ۵ıȽ϶࣬ÕâʱºòÏà¶Ô¾Í±È½ÏÇáËÉ¡£
Ò»°ã°üÀ¨·âÃ棬ÖÐÓ¢ÎÄÕªÒª£¬Ä¿Â¼£¬Ð÷ÂÛ£¨Ö÷Òª½éÉÜ¿ÎÌ⣬Ñо¿µÄ±³¾°¡¢Ö÷ÒªÄÚÈݵȵȣ©£¬µÚ1-XÕ£¨Ò»°ãÎÒÈÏΪ˶ʿÂÛÎÄ4-6Õ¾ͿÉÒÔ£¬Ã¿ÕÂÓÐÒýÑÔ¡¢²ÄÁϺͷ½·¨¡¢½á¹ûºÍÌÖÂÛ¡¢Ö÷Òª½áÂ۵ȣ©£¬Ö÷Òª½áÂÛ£¨¾¡Á¿ÌåÏÖ´´Ðµ㣬¼ò½éһЩ£©£¬²Î¿¼ÎÄÏ×£¬ÖÂл£¨Òª·¢»Ó¸öÈ˲ÅÒÕ£¬Óüò¶ÌµÄÎÄ×Ö±í´ï×Ô¼º£¬ºÜÌåÏÖ¸öÐԵĵط½£©£¬·¢±íÂÛÎÄĿ¼£¨ÒªÊǶà¾ÍºÜÓгɾ͸У©£¬¸½Â¼£¨¿ÉÒÔ°üÀ¨³ÌÐò»òÕßÖØÒªÊý¾Ý»òÕß·½·¨»¹ÓзûºÅ˵Ã÷µÈµÈ£©

°Ë¡¢ÈçºÎ±£³Ö½¡¿µ
Õâ¸öÎÊÌâÓÈÆäÖØÒª£¬½¡¿µ¹ÌȻָÉíÌ彡¿µºÍÐÄÀí½¡¿µ£¬ÓÐЩͬѧÓÈÆäÊÇÄÄЩ±»³ÆΪ¡°ÀÏͬ־¡±µÄ£¬¸É»îÓÈÆäÂôÃü£¬Ò»°ãÎÒÃÇ˯¾õ¶¼Òªµ½ÍíÉÏ12£º00£¬µÚ¶þÌì8£º00׼ʱ³öÏÖÔÚʵÑéÊÒµ¼Ê¦²Å²»»áÓÐÒâ¼û£¬µ«ÊÇÓÐЩÈËÍíÉÏÒªµ½3-4£º00£¬»¹ÓÐÀ÷º¦µÄ˯ÔÚʵÑéÊÒ£¬³ÔÔÚʵÑéÊÒ¡£¿Æѧ³çÉгԿàÄÍÀ͵ľ«Éñ£¬²»ÅųýÓÐʱºòʵÑéÐèÒª°¾Ò¹ºÍÁ¬Ðø×÷Õ½£¬µ«ÊÇÈ˲»ÊÇÌú´òµÄ£¬ËùÒÔÉíÌ彡¿µ²ÅÊǵÚÒ»ÖØÒª£¬³ýÁËÒª¼á³Ö¶ÍÁ¶£¬»¹Òª±£³ÖÓªÑø¡£Ò×˵ÄÑ×ö£¬ÎÒ×÷ÆðʵÑéÒ²¾ÍÍü¼ÇÁ˶ÍÁ¶ºÃÒź¶£¡ÉíÌåºÃ²Å»áÓкõľ«Éñ״̬ȥ¹¤×÷°¡£¡µ±È»ÐÄÀíÒ²ºÜÊÇÖØÒª£¬Ñо¿ÉúºÜ¶àÈËÊǵ¥Éí£¬ÓÈÆäÊDz©Ê¿ÒªÊǵ¥Éí£¬´ó¼Òƽʱ¹¤×÷½Ú×àÇ¿£¬½»Á÷ʱ¼äÉÙ£¬¾Í»á¾õµÃÓÐЩ¼ÅįºÍÄѹý£¬ËùÒÔ½ôÕŵŤ×÷Ö®ÓàÒª¶à²Î¼ÓÉç½»»î¶¯£¬¶àÓéÀÖ£¡²»Òª¼¸ÄêÑо¿Éú¶ÁÍ꣬ÈËÐÔÈ«ÎÞ£¬±ä³É»úÆ÷£¡ÎÒ²»Öªµ½ÊDz»ÊÇÆÕ±éÏÖÏ󣬷´ÕýÎÒÉí±ßºÜ¶àÀý×ÓÈç´Ë£¬ÓôÃƵÄÒªÃü£¡Ò»µãµã»îÔ¾µÄÆø·Õ¶¼Ã»ÓУ¬²»ÒªÀÏÊÇÀ­×ÅÁ³¹ýÈÕ×Ó£¡
´ËÍâƽʱʵÑéҪעÒⰲȫ£¬ÓÈÆäÊÇÎÒÃǽӴ¥»¯Ñ§ÊÔ¼ÁµÄÈËÒªÊDz»×¢Òâ¿ÉÄÜ»á´øÀ´É˺¦£¡ÕâЩ¿ÉÒÔ¿´ÊµÑéÊÒµÄһЩ˵Ã÷£¬ÒªÊÇûÓУ¬Í¼Êé¹ÝÒ»°ã¹ØÓÚʵÑé½²½âµÄÊ鸽¼ÀïÃ涼Óеģ¡

¾Å¡¢ÆäËüһЩС¼¿Á©
¡ôÏ´ÒÇÆ÷£º
·¢ÏÖÏ´Ò·ÛÏ´²»ÊǺܺã¬Ò»°ã²£Á§ÒÇÆ÷ÓÃÏ´µÓ¼ÁºÜ¹ÜÓã¬Ò»°ãÅÝ°ë¸öСʱ£¬ÔÙÏ´·Ç³£ºÃ£¬»¹ÓбÈÉ«ÃóÕâÖÖ¶«Î÷²»ÄÜÓö«Î÷²Á£¬¿ÉÓÐʱºòºÜÔ࣬ÓÃÏ´µÓ¼ÁÒ²ºÜ¹ÜÓã¬ÅÝ°ë¸öСʱÔÙÓòÁ¾µÖ½ÇáÇáĨһÏ£¬NºÃ£¡Æ½Ê±ÒªÊdz£ÓþͰÑËüÅÝÔÚÀïÃ棬»áÒ»Ö±±£³Ö¸É¾»£¡
¡ô³ÆÈ¡Ò©Æ·£º
³ÆÈ¡ÉÙÁ¿Ò©Æ·£¬ÓÈÆäÊÇX mgµÄʱºòÓÈÆäÄÑ£¬³£³£ÊÇÒ©É×Ì«´ó£¬ºÜÄѾ«È·³ÆÈ¡¡£½¨Òé·½·¨ÓÃÒ»¸ö¸É¾»µÄ¶úÉ×À´³ÆÈ¡£¬Ð§¹ûNºÃ£¡¡¾»ÆÁá´´¡¿´ËÍâ³ÆÁ¿Ê±Òª±£³ÖûÓз磡£¨·Ï»°´ó¼Ò¶¼ÖªµÀ£©
¡ô¼ÆËã»úʹÓãº
ʵÑéÊÒÒªÊǹ«ÓõļÆËã»úÒ»¶¨Òª±£Ãܺͱ¸·Ý×Ô¼ºµÄÎĵµ£¬·ÀÖ¹¶ªÊ§£¡Í¬Ê±Òª½øÐÐÍêÉƵÄĿ¼·ÖÀà.ÎÒ½¨Òé²ÉÓù̶¨µÄ¸öÈËÎĵµµÄÃüÃûϵͳ£¬À´Ìá¸ßÎÒÃǵŤ×÷ЧÂÊ¡£¡¾ÎļþÃû¡¿×÷ÕßÐÕÃûÎÄÏ×±êÌâʱ¼äÀý£ºFanCDʳƷÉúÎï¼¼ÊõÔÚ¹¤ÒµÖеÄÓ¦ÓÃ20020806£¬×÷ÕßÐÕÃû£º×îºÃ²ÉÓÃÓ¢ÎÄÐÕÆ´Òô+ÃûÆ´ÒôµÄÊéд£¬FanCD±íʾÐÕ·¶£¬Ãû³ç¶«£¬ÎÄÏ×±êÌ⣺ȡÃûʱ¾¡Á¿°üÀ¨ÎÄÏ×ÖгöÏֵĹؼü´Ê£¬Ê±¼ä£º²ÉÓù̶¨¸ñʽÄê·ÖÔ·ÝÈÕÆÚxxxx-xx-xx£¬²»×ãµÄÓÃ0²¹È«£¬Èç20020806±íʾ2002Äê8ÔÂ6ÈÕ,³öÓÚһЩרҵÐèÒª£¬ÎÒÃÇÒª±íÃ÷ÎÄÏ×µÄÖØÒª³Ì¶È£¬»úÃܶȣ¬¿ÉÐŶȵȿÉÒÔ²ÉÓÃÒÔϹæÔò£¬ÔÚÉÏÃæµÄÎļþÃûºóÃæÌí¼Ó¡£´úл×Öĸ+Êý×ÖÈçZ0.´úл×Öĸ£ºÈ¡ÀàÐ͵ÄÆ´ÒôÊ××Öĸ£¬Êý×Ö£ºÔ½Ð¡±íʾ³Ì¶ÈÔ½¸ß.ͨ¹ýÕâÑùµÄÃüÃû£¬ÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÒÔ·½±ãµÄÌôȡij×÷ÕßµÄÎÄÏ×£¨¸ù¾ÝÎÄÏ×ÃûÅÅÐò£©¡£¡¾ÎļþĿ¼ϵͳ¡¿ÎļþĿ¼ÔÚ¼ÆËã»úÐÅÏ¢ÖÐÓÐÏ൱ÖØÒªµÄ×÷Óã¬ÆäʵÊôÓÚÐÅÏ¢·ÖÀàѧµÄÄÚÈÝ£¬ÈÕ³£Éú»îÖÐÎÒÃÇûÓбØÒªÏó¹ú¼ÒͼÊé·ÖÀà·¨ÄÇÑùÈ¥¶ÔÐÅÏ¢½øÐÐרҵµÄ·ÖÀ࣬Ҳ²»¿ÉÄÜ×öµ½£¬µ«ÊÇÎÒÃDZØÐëÓÐ×Ô¼ºµÄ·ÖÀà·½·¨£¬ÕâÊÇÌá¸ß¹¤×÷ЧÂÊ£¬½Úʡʱ¼äµÄÖØÒª»·½á¡£Ä¿Â¼ÃüÃû·½·¨ÒòÈË¡¢¹¤×÷ÐèÒª¶ø´ó²»Ïàͬ¡£¡¾°æ±¾ÐÅÏ¢¡¿°æ±¾ÐÅÏ¢ÊÇ´ó¶àÊýÈ˺öÂÔµÄÒ»¸öÎÊÌâ¡£Ò»°ã¶øÑÔ£¬windows²Ù×÷ϵͳÏ£¬ä¯ÀÀÎļþÊÇ°üÀ¨Ò»ÏÂÊôÐÔ£ºÎĵµÃû³Æ£¨ÎļþÃû£©£¬Îĵµ¸ñʽ£¬ÐÞ¸Äʱ¼ä£¨¼ÆËã»úϵͳʱ¼ä£©£¬´óС£¨Õ¼Óд洢¿Õ¼ä£©£¬ÊôÐÔ£¨Ö»¶Á£¬Òþ²Ø¡¢´æµµµÈ£©£¬×÷Õߣ¨½¨Á¢µÄ¼ÆËã»ú×¢²áÃû£©£¬ÕâÀïÒª½²µÄÊÇofficeÎĵµ°æ±¾ÐÅÏ¢£¬ÓÐÁËÒÔÉϼ¸µã£¬ÏàÐÅÄãÔÚÈÕ³£µÄ¹¤×÷ÖУ¬Ò»¶¨ÄÜ¿ìËÙ׼ȷµÄµÃµ½ÄãËùÒªµÄÒ»ÇУ¡
[Ó¡ÏóÅÉ (2-8 16:32, Long long ago)] [ ´«Í³°æ | sForum ][µÇ¼ºó»Ø¸´]3Â¥

ÉúÎïÊÔÑé¼¼Êõ[Ó¡ÏóÅÉ (2-8 16:34, Long long ago)] [ ´«Í³°æ | sForum ][µÇ¼ºó»Ø¸´]4Â¥

hmm....this one is quite interesting~[ÓãƬÖà (2-8 16:35, Long long ago)] [ ´«Í³°æ | sForum ][µÇ¼ºó»Ø¸´]5Â¥

(ÒýÓà ӡÏóÅÉ:ÉúÎïÊÔÑé¼¼Êõ)¹ØÓÚPCR¼¼ÊõPCR·´Ó¦Ìصã

ÌØÒìÐÔÇ¿ PCR·´Ó¦µÄÌØÒìÐÔ¾ö¶¨ÒòËØΪ£º
¡¡ ¢ÙÒýÎïÓëÄ£°åDNAÌØÒìÕýÈ·µÄ½áºÏ£»
¡¡ ¢Ú¼î»ùÅä¶ÔÔ­Ôò£»
¡¡ ¢ÛTaq DNA¾ÛºÏøºÏ³É·´Ó¦µÄÖÒʵÐÔ£»
¡¡ ¢Ü°Ð»ùÒòµÄÌØÒìÐÔÓë±£ÊØÐÔ¡£

ÆäÖÐÒýÎïÓëÄ£°åµÄÕýÈ·½áºÏÊǹؼü¡£ÒýÎïÓëÄ£°åµÄ½áºÏ¼°ÒýÎïÁ´µÄÑÓÉìÊÇ×ñÑ­¼î»ùÅä¶ÔÔ­ÔòµÄ¡£¾ÛºÏøºÏ³É·´Ó¦µÄÖÒʵÐÔ¼°Taq DNA¾ÛºÏøÄ͸ßÎÂÐÔ£¬Ê¹·´Ó¦ÖÐÄ£°åÓëÒýÎïµÄ½áºÏ(¸´ÐÔ)¿ÉÒÔÔڽϸߵÄζÈϽøÐУ¬½áºÏµÄÌØÒìÐÔ´ó´óÔö¼Ó£¬±»À©ÔöµÄ°Ð»ùÒòƬ¶Î Ò²¾ÍÄܱ£³ÖºÜ¸ßµÄÕýÈ·¶È¡£ÔÙͨ¹ýÑ¡ÔñÌØÒìÐԺͱ£ÊØÐԸߵİлùÒòÇø£¬ÆäÌØÒìÐԳ̶Ⱦ͸ü¸ß¡£

ÁéÃô¶È¸ß PCR²úÎïµÄÉú³ÉÁ¿ÊÇÒÔÖ¸Êý·½Ê½Ôö¼ÓµÄ£¬Äܽ«Æ¤¿Ë(pg=10-12g)Á¿¼¶µÄÆðʼ´ý²âÄ£°åÀ©Ôöµ½Î¢¿Ë(ug=10-6g)ˮƽ¡£ÄÜ´Ó100Íò¸öϸ°ûÖмì³öÒ»¸ö°Ðϸ°û£»ÔÚ²¡¶¾µÄ¼ì²âÖУ¬PCRµÄÁéÃô¶È¿É´ï3¸öRFU(¿Õ°ßÐγɵ¥Î»)£»ÔÚϸ¾úѧÖÐ×îС¼ì³öÂÊΪ3¸öϸ¾ú¡£

¼ò±ã¡¢¿ìËÙ PCR·´Ó¦ÓÃÄ͸ßεÄTaq DNA¾ÛºÏø£¬Ò»´ÎÐԵؽ«·´Ó¦Òº¼ÓºÃºó£¬¼´ÔÚDNAÀ©ÔöÒººÍˮԡ¹øÉϽøÐбäÐÔ-ÍË»ð-ÑÓÉì·´Ó¦£¬Ò»°ãÔÚ2¡«4 СʱÍê³ÉÀ©Ôö·´Ó¦¡£À©Ôö²úÎïÒ»°ãÓõçÓ¾·ÖÎö£¬²»Ò»¶¨ÒªÓÃͬλËØ£¬ÎÞ·ÅÉäÐÔÎÛȾ¡¢Ò×Íƹ㡣
¶Ô±ê±¾µÄ´¿¶ÈÒªÇóµÍ ²»ÐèÒª·ÖÀ벡¶¾»òϸ¾ú¼°ÅàÑøϸ°û£¬DNA ´ÖÖÆÆ·¼°×ÜRNA¾ù¿É×÷ΪÀ©ÔöÄ£°å¡£¿ÉÖ±½ÓÓÃÁÙ´²±ê±¾ÈçѪҺ¡¢ÌåǻҺ¡¢Ï´ËÔÒº¡¢Ã«·¢¡¢Ï¸°û¡¢»î×éÖ¯µÈ´ÖÖƵÄDNAÀ©Ôö¼ì²â¡£

PCRÀ©Ôö²úÎï·ÖÎö

PCR²úÎïÊÇ·ñΪÌØÒìÐÔÀ©Ôö £¬Æä½á¹ûÊÇ·ñ׼ȷ¿É¿¿£¬±ØÐë¶ÔÆä½øÐÐÑϸñµÄ·ÖÎöÓë¼ø¶¨£¬²ÅÄܵóöÕýÈ·µÄ½áÂÛ¡£PCR²úÎïµÄ·ÖÎö£¬¿ÉÒÀ¾ÝÑо¿¶ÔÏóºÍÄ¿µÄ²»Í¬¶ø²ÉÓò»Í¬µÄ·ÖÎö·½·¨¡£

Äý½ºµçÓ¾·ÖÎö£ºPCR²úÎïµçÓ¾£¬EBäåÒÒ¶§È¾É«×ÏÍâÒÇϹ۲죬³õ²½ÅжϲúÎïµÄÌØÒìÐÔ¡£PCR²úÎïƬ¶ÎµÄ´óСӦÓëÔ¤¼ÆµÄÒ»Ö£¬ÌرðÊǶàÖØPCR£¬Ó¦Óöà¶ÔÒýÎÆä²úÎïƬ¶Ï¶¼Ó¦·ûºÏÔ¤Ú¦µÄ´óС£¬ÕâÊÇÆðÂëÌõ¼þ¡£

ÇíÖ¬ÌÇÄý½ºµçÓ¾£º ͨ³£Ó¦ÓÃ1¡«2%µÄÇíÖ¬ÌÇÄý½º£¬¹©¼ì²âÓá£

¾Û±ûÏ©õ£°·Äý½ºµçÓ¾£º6¡«10%¾Û±ûÏ©õ£°·Äý½ºµçÓ¾·ÖÀëЧ¹û±ÈÇíÖ¬ÌǺã¬Ìõ´ø±È½Ï¼¯ÖУ¬¿ÉÓÃÓÚ¿ÆÑм°¼ì²â·ÖÎö¡£
øÇзÖÎö£º¸ù¾ÝPCR²úÎïÖÐÏÞÖÆÐÔÄÚÇÐøµÄλµã£¬ÓÃÏàÓ¦µÄøÇС¢µçÓ¾·ÖÀëºó£¬»ñµÃ·ûºÏÀíÂÛµÄƬ¶Î£¬´Ë·¨¼ÈÄܽøÐвúÎïµÄ¼ø¶¨£¬ÓÖÄܶ԰лùÒò·ÖÐÍ£¬»¹ÄܽøÐбäÒìÐÔÑо¿¡£

·Ö×ÓÔÓ½»£º·Ö×ÓÔÓ½»ÊǼì²âPCR²úÎïÌØÒìÐÔµÄÓÐÁ¦Ö¤¾Ý£¬Ò²ÊǼì²âPCR ²úÎï¼î»ùÍ»±äµÄÓÐЧ·½·¨¡£

SouthernÓ¡¼£ÔÓ½»£º ÔÚÁ½ÒýÎïÖ®¼äÁíºÏ³ÉÒ»Ìõ¹ÑºËÜÕËáÁ´(ÄÚ²¿¹ÑºËÜÕËá)±ê¼Çºó×ö̽Õ룬ÓëPCR²úÎïÔÓ½»¡£´Ë·¨¼È¿É×÷ÌØÒìÐÔ¼ø¶¨£¬ÓÖ¿ÉÒÔÌá¸ß¼ì²âPCR²úÎïµÄÁéÃô¶È£¬»¹¿ÉÖªÆä·Ö×ÓÁ¿¼°Ìõ´øÐÎ×´£¬Ö÷ÒªÓÃÓÚ¿ÆÑС£

°ßµãÔÓ½»£º ½«PCR²úÎïµãÔÚÏõËáÏËάËØĤ»òÄáĤ±¡Ä¤ÉÏ£¬ÔÙÓÃÄÚ²¿¹ÑºËÜÕËá̽ÕëÔÓ½»£¬¹Û²ìÓÐÎÞ×ÅÉ«°ßµã£¬Ö÷ÒªÓÃÓÚPCR
²úÎïÌØÒìÐÔ¼ø¶¨¼°±äÒì·ÖÎö¡£

ºËËáÐòÁзÖÎö£ºÊǼì²âPCR²úÎïÌØÒìÐÔµÄ×î¿É¿¿·½·¨¡£

PCR³£¼ûÎÊÌâ×ܽá

PCR²úÎïµÄµçÓ¾¼ì²âʱ¼äÒ»°ãΪ48hÒÔÄÚ£¬ÓÐЩ×îºÃÓÚµ±ÈÕµçÓ¾¼ì²â£¬´óÓÚ48hºó´øÐͲ»¹æÔòÉõÖÂÏûʧ¡£
¼ÙÒõÐÔ£¬²»³öÏÖÀ©ÔöÌõ´ø¡£
PCR·´Ó¦µÄ¹Ø¼ü»·½ÚÓТÙÄ£°åºËËáµÄÖƱ¸£¬¢ÚÒýÎïµÄÖÊÁ¿ÓëÌØÒìÐÔ£¬¢ÛøµÄÖÊÁ¿¼°»îÐÔ ¢ÜPCRÑ­»·Ìõ¼þ¡£Ñ°ÕÒÔ­ÒòÒàÓ¦Õë¶ÔÉÏÊö»·½Ú½øÐзÖÎöÑо¿¡£
Ä£°å£º¢ÙÄ£°åÖк¬ÓÐÔÓµ°°×ÖÊ£¬¢ÚÄ£°åÖк¬ÓÐTaqøÒÖÖƼÁ£¬¢ÛÄ£°åÖе°°×ÖÊûÓÐÏû»¯³ý¾»£¬ÌرðÊÇȾɫÌåÖеÄ×éµ°°×£¬¢ÜÔÚÌáÈ¡ÖƱ¸Ä£°åʱ¶ªÊ§¹ý¶à£¬»òÎüÈë·Ó¡£¢ÝÄ£°åºËËá±äÐÔ²»³¹µ×¡£ÔÚøºÍÒýÎïÖÊÁ¿ºÃʱ£¬²»³öÏÖÀ©Ôö´ø£¬¼«ÓпÉÄÜÊDZ걾µÄÏû»¯´¦Àí£¬Ä£°åºËËáÌáÈ¡¹ý³Ì³öÁË벡£¬Òò¶øÒªÅäÖÆÓÐЧ¶øÎȶ¨µÄÏû»¯´¦ÀíÒº£¬Æä³ÌÐòÒàÓ¦¹Ì¶¨²»ÒËËæÒâ¸ü¸Ä¡£
øʧ»î£ºÐè¸ü»»ÐÂø£¬»òоÉÁ½ÖÖøͬʱʹÓã¬ÒÔ·ÖÎöÊÇ·ñÒòøµÄ»îÐÔɥʧ»ò²»¹»¶øµ¼Ö¼ÙÒõÐÔ¡£Ðè×¢ÒâµÄÊÇÓÐʱÍü¼ÓTaqø»òäåÒÒ¶§¡£
ÒýÎÒýÎïÖÊÁ¿¡¢ÒýÎïµÄŨ¶È¡¢Á½ÌõÒýÎïµÄŨ¶ÈÊÇ·ñ¶Ô³Æ£¬ÊÇPCRʧ°Ü»òÀ©ÔöÌõ´ø²»ÀíÏë¡¢ÈÝÒ×ÃÖÉ¢µÄ³£¼ûÔ­Òò¡£ÓÐЩÅúºÅµÄÒýÎïºÏ³ÉÖÊÁ¿ÓÐÎÊÌ⣬Á½ÌõÒýÎïÒ»ÌõŨ¶È¸ß£¬Ò»ÌõŨ¶ÈµÍ£¬Ôì³ÉµÍЧÂʵIJ»¶Ô³ÆÀ©Ôö£¬¶Ô²ßΪ£º¢ÙÑ¡¶¨Ò»¸öºÃµÄÒýÎïºÏ³Éµ¥Î»¡£¢ÚÒýÎïµÄŨ¶È²»½öÒª¿´ODÖµ£¬¸üҪעÖØÒýÎïÔ­Òº×öÇíÖ¬ÌÇÄý½ºµçÓ¾£¬Ò»¶¨ÒªÓÐÒýÎïÌõ´ø³öÏÖ£¬¶øÇÒÁ½ÒýÎï´øµÄÁÁ¶ÈÓ¦´óÌåÒ»Ö£¬ÈçÒ»ÌõÒýÎïÓÐÌõ´ø£¬Ò»ÌõÒýÎïÎÞÌõ´ø£¬´Ëʱ×öPCRÓпÉÄÜʧ°Ü£¬Ó¦ºÍÒýÎïºÏ³Éµ¥Î»Ð­É̽â¾ö¡£ÈçÒ»ÌõÒýÎïÁÁ¶È¸ß£¬Ò»ÌõÁÁ¶ÈµÍ£¬ÔÚÏ¡ÊÍÒýÎïʱҪƽºâÆäŨ¶È¡£¢ÛÒýÎïÓ¦¸ßŨ¶ÈСÁ¿·Ö×°±£´æ£¬·ÀÖ¹¶à´Î¶³ÈÚ»ò³¤ÆڷűùÏäÀä²Ø²¿·Ö£¬µ¼ÖÂÒýÎï±äÖʽµ½âʧЧ¡£¢ÜÒýÎïÉè¼Æ²»ºÏÀí£¬ÈçÒýÎﳤ¶È²»¹»£¬ÒýÎïÖ®¼äÐγɶþ¾ÛÌåµÈ¡£
Mg2+Ũ¶È£ºMg2+Àë×ÓŨ¶È¶ÔPCRÀ©ÔöЧÂÊÓ°ÏìºÜ´ó£¬Å¨¶È¹ý¸ß¿É½µµÍPCRÀ©ÔöµÄÌØÒìÐÔ£¬Å¨¶È¹ýµÍÔòÓ°ÏìPCRÀ©Ôö²úÁ¿ÉõÖÁʹPCRÀ©Ôöʧ°Ü¶ø²»³öÀ©ÔöÌõ´ø¡£
·´Ó¦Ìå»ýµÄ¸Ä±ä£ºÍ¨³£½øÐÐPCRÀ©Ôö²ÉÓõÄÌå»ýΪ20ul¡¢30ul¡¢50ul¡£»ò100ul£¬Ó¦Óöà´óÌå»ý½øÐÐPCRÀ©Ôö£¬ÊǸù¾Ý¿ÆÑкÍÁÙ´²¼ì²â²»Í¬Ä¿µÄ¶øÉ趨£¬ÔÚ×öСÌå»ýÈç20ulºó£¬ÔÙ×ö´óÌå»ýʱ£¬Ò»¶¨ÒªÄ£Ë÷Ìõ¼þ£¬·ñÔòÈÝÒ×ʧ°Ü¡£
ÎïÀíÔ­Òò£º±äÐÔ¶ÔPCRÀ©ÔöÀ´ËµÏ൱ÖØÒª£¬Èç±äÐÔζȵͣ¬±äÐÔʱ¼ä¶Ì£¬¼«ÓпÉÄܳöÏÖ¼ÙÒõÐÔ;ÍË»ðζȹýµÍ£¬¿ÉÖ·ÇÌØÒìÐÔÀ©Ôö¶ø½µµÍÌØÒìÐÔÀ©ÔöЧÂÊÍË»ðζȹý¸ßÓ°ÏìÒýÎïÓëÄ£°åµÄ½áºÏ¶ø½µµÍPCRÀ©ÔöЧÂÊ¡£ÓÐʱ»¹ÓбØÒªÓñê×¼µÄζȼƣ¬¼ì²âÒ»ÏÂÀ©ÔöÒÇ»òË®ÈܹøÄڵıäÐÔ¡¢ÍË»ðºÍÑÓÉìζȣ¬ÕâÒ²ÊÇPCRʧ°ÜµÄÔ­ÒòÖ®Ò»¡£
°ÐÐòÁбäÒ죺Èç°ÐÐòÁз¢ÉúÍ»±ä»òȱʧ£¬Ó°ÏìÒýÎïÓëÄ£°åÌØÒìÐÔ½áºÏ£¬»òÒò°ÐÐòÁÐij¶ÎȱʧʹÒýÎïÓëÄ£°åʧȥ»¥²¹ÐòÁУ¬ÆäPCRÀ©ÔöÊDz»»á³É¹¦µÄ¡£
¼ÙÑôÐÔ
³öÏÖµÄPCRÀ©ÔöÌõ´øÓëÄ¿µÄ°ÐÐòÁÐÌõ´øÒ»Ö£¬ÓÐʱÆäÌõ´ø¸üÕûÆ룬ÁÁ¶È¸ü¸ß¡£
ÒýÎïÉè¼Æ²»ºÏÊÊ£ºÑ¡ÔñµÄÀ©ÔöÐòÁÐÓë·ÇÄ¿µÄÀ©ÔöÐòÁÐÓÐͬԴÐÔ£¬Òò¶øÔÚ½øÐÐPCRÀ©Ôöʱ£¬À©Ôö³öµÄPCR²úÎïΪ·ÇÄ¿µÄÐÔµÄÐòÁС£°ÐÐòÁÐÌ«¶Ì»òÒýÎïÌ«¶Ì£¬ÈÝÒ׳öÏÖ¼ÙÑôÐÔ¡£ÐèÖØÐÂÉè¼ÆÒýÎï¡£
°ÐÐòÁлòÀ©Ôö²úÎïµÄ½»²æÎÛȾ£ºÕâÖÖÎÛȾÓÐÁ½ÖÖÔ­Òò£ºÒ»ÊÇÕû¸ö»ùÒò×é»ò´óƬ¶ÎµÄ½»²æÎÛȾ£¬µ¼Ö¼ÙÑôÐÔ¡£ÕâÖÖ¼ÙÑôÐÔ¿ÉÓÃÒÔÏ·½·¨½â¾ö£º¢Ù²Ù×÷ʱӦСÐÄÇáÈᣬ·ÀÖ¹½«°ÐÐòÁÐÎüÈë¼ÓÑùǹÄÚ»ò½¦³öÀëÐĹÜÍâ¡£¢Ú³ýø¼°²»ÄÜÄ͸ßεÄÎïÖÊÍ⣬ËùÓÐÊÔ¼Á»òÆ÷²Ä¾ùÓ¦¸ßѹÏû¶¾¡£ËùÓÃÀëÐĹܼ°Ñù½øǹͷµÈ¾ùÓ¦Ò»´ÎÐÔʹÓᣢ۱ØҪʱ£¬Ôڼӱ걾ǰ£¬·´Ó¦¹ÜºÍÊÔ¼ÁÓÃ×ÏÍâÏßÕÕÉ䣬ÒÔÆÆ»µ´æÔڵĺËËá¡£¶þÊÇ¿ÕÆøÖеÄСƬ¶ÎºËËáÎÛȾ£¬ÕâЩСƬ¶Î±È°ÐÐòÁж̣¬µ«ÓÐÒ»¶¨µÄͬԴÐÔ¡£¿É»¥ÏàÆ´½Ó£¬ÓëÒýÎﻥ²¹ºó£¬¿ÉÀ©Ôö³öPCR²úÎ¶øµ¼Ö¼ÙÑôÐԵIJúÉú£¬¿ÉÓó²Ê½PCR·½·¨À´¼õÇá»òÏû³ý¡£
³öÏÖ·ÇÌØÒìÐÔÀ©Ôö´ø

PCRÀ©Ôöºó³öÏÖµÄÌõ´øÓëÔ¤¼ÆµÄ´óС²»Ò»Ö£¬»ò´ó»òС£¬»òÕßͬʱ³öÏÖÌØÒìÐÔÀ©Ôö´øÓë·ÇÌØÒìÐÔÀ©Ôö´ø¡£·ÇÌØÒìÐÔÌõ´øµÄ³öÏÖ£¬ÆäÔ­Òò£ºÒ»ÊÇÒýÎïÓë°ÐÐòÁв»ÍêÈ«»¥²¹¡¢»òÒýÎï¾ÛºÏÐγɶþ¾ÛÌå¡£¶þÊÇMg2+Àë×ÓŨ¶È¹ý¸ß¡¢ÍË»ðζȹýµÍ£¬¼°PCRÑ­»·´ÎÊý¹ý¶àÓйء£Æä´ÎÊÇøµÄÖʺÍÁ¿£¬ÍùÍùһЩÀ´Ô´µÄøÒ׳öÏÖ·ÇÌØÒìÌõ´ø¶øÁíÒ»À´Ô´µÄøÔò²»³öÏÖ£¬Ã¸Á¿¹ý¶àÓÐʱҲ»á³öÏÖ·ÇÌØÒìÐÔÀ©Ôö¡£Æä¶Ô²ßÓУº¢Ù±ØҪʱÖØÐÂÉè¼ÆÒýÎï¡£¢Ú¼õµÍøÁ¿»òµ÷»»ÁíÒ»À´Ô´µÄø¡£¢Û½µµÍÒýÎïÁ¿£¬Êʵ±Ôö¼ÓÄ£°åÁ¿£¬¼õÉÙÑ­»·´ÎÊý¡£¢ÜÊʵ±Ìá¸ßÍË»ðζȻò²ÉÓöþζȵ㷨(93¡æ±äÐÔ£¬65¡æ×óÓÒÍË»ðÓëÑÓÉì)¡£
³öÏÖƬ״ÍÏ´ø»òͿĨ´ø

PCRÀ©ÔöÓÐʱ³öÏÖͿĨ´ø»òƬ״´ø»òµØ̺Ñù´ø¡£ÆäÔ­ÒòÍùÍùÓÉÓÚøÁ¿¹ý¶à»òøµÄÖÊÁ¿²î£¬dNTPŨ¶È¹ý¸ß£¬Mg2+Ũ¶È¹ý¸ß£¬ÍË»ðζȹýµÍ£¬Ñ­»·´ÎÊý¹ý¶àÒýÆð¡£Æä¶Ô²ßÓУº¢Ù¼õÉÙøÁ¿£¬»òµ÷»»ÁíÒ»À´Ô´µÄø¡£¢Ú¼õÉÙdNTPµÄŨ¶È¡£¢ÛÊʵ±½µµÍMg2+Ũ¶È¡£¢ÜÔö¼ÓÄ£°åÁ¿£¬¼õÉÙÑ­»·´ÎÊý¡£

PCRÎÛȾÓë¶Ô²ß

PCR·´Ó¦µÄ×î´óÌصãÊǾßÓнϴóÀ©ÔöÄÜÁ¦Ó뼫¸ßµÄÁéÃôÐÔ£¬µ«ÁîÈËÍ·Í´µÄÎÊÌâÊÇÒ×ÎÛȾ£¬¼«Æä΢Á¿µÄÎÛȾ¼´¿ÉÔì³É¼ÙÑôÐԵIJúÉú¡£

ÎÛȾԭÒò

(Ò»)±ê±¾¼ä½»²æÎÛȾ:±ê±¾ÎÛȾÖ÷ÒªÓÐÊÕ¼¯±ê±¾µÄÈÝÆ÷±»ÎÛȾ£¬»ò±ê±¾·ÅÖÃʱ£¬ÓÉÓÚÃÜ·â²»ÑÏÒçÓÚÈÝÆ÷Í⣬»òÈÝÆ÷ÍâÕ³Óб걾¶øÔì³ÉÏ໥¼ä½»²æÎÛȾ;±ê±¾ºËËáÄ£°åÔÚÌáÈ¡¹ý³ÌÖУ¬ÓÉÓÚÎüÑùǹÎÛȾµ¼Ö±걾¼äÎÛȾ;ÓÐЩ΢ÉúÎï±ê±¾ÓÈÆäÊDz¡¶¾¿ÉËæÆøÈܽº»òÐγÉÆøÈܽº¶øÀ©É¢£¬µ¼Ö±˴˼äµÄÎÛȾ¡£
(¶þ)PCRÊÔ¼ÁµÄÎÛȾ:Ö÷ÒªÊÇÓÉÓÚÔÚPCRÊÔ¼ÁÅäÖƹý³ÌÖУ¬ÓÉÓÚ¼ÓÑùǹ¡¢ÈÝÆ÷¡¢Ë«ÕôË®¼°ÆäËüÈÜÒº±»PCRºËËáÄ£°åÎÛȾ.
(Èý)PCRÀ©Ôö²úÎïÎÛȾ:ÕâÊÇPCR·´Ó¦ÖÐ×îÖ÷Òª×î³£¼ûµÄÎÛȾÎÊÌ⣬ÒòΪPCR²úÎ�±´Á¿ ´ó(Ò»°ãΪ1013¿½±´/ml)£¬Ô¶Ô¶¸ßÓÚPCR¼ì²âÊý¸ö¿½±´µÄ¼«ÏÞ£¬ËùÒÔ¼«Î¢Á¿µÄPCR²úÎïÎÛȾ£¬¾Í¿ÉÔì³É¼ÙÑô¾Í¿ÉÐγɼÙÑôÐÔ¡£
»¹ÓÐÒ»ÖÖÈÝÒ׺öÊÓ£¬×î¿ÉÄÜÔì³ÉPCR²úÎïÎÛȾµÄÐÎʽÊÇÆøÈܽºÎÛȾ;ÔÚ¿ÕÆøÓëÒºÌåÃæĦ²Áʱ¾Í¿ÉÐγÉÆøÈܽº£¬ÔÚ²Ù×÷ʱ±È½Ï¾çÁÒµØÒ¡¶¯·´Ó¦¹Ü£¬¿ª¸Çʱ¡¢ÎüÑùʱ¼°ÎÛȾ½øÑùǹµÄ·´¸´ÎüÑù¶¼¿ÉÐγÉÆøÈܽº¶øÎÛȾ.¾Ý¼ÆËãÒ»¸öÆøÈܽº¿ÅÁ£¿Éº¬48000¿½±´£¬Òò¶øÓÉÆäÔì³ÉµÄÎÛȾÊÇÒ»¸öÖµµÃÌرðÖØÊÓµÄÎÊÌâ.
(ËÄ)ʵÑéÊÒÖпË¡ÖÊÁ£µÄÎÛȾ:ÔÚ·Ö×ÓÉúÎïѧʵÑéÊÒ¼°Ä³Ð©ÓÿË¡ÖÊÁ£×öÑôÐÔ¶ÔÕյļìÑéÊÒ£¬Õâ¸öÎÊÌâÒ²±È½Ï³£¼û¡£ÒòΪ¿Ë¡ÖÊÁ£ÔÚµ¥Î»ÈÝ»ýÄÚº¬Á¿Ï൱¸ß£¬ÁíÍâÔÚ´¿»¯¹ý³ÌÖÐÐèÓý϶àµÄÓþ߼°ÊÔ¼Á£¬¶øÇÒÔÚ»îϸ°ûÄÚµÄÖÊÁ££¬ÓÉÓÚ»îϸ°ûµÄÉú³¤·±Ö³µÄ¼ò±ãÐÔ¼°¾ßÓкÜÇ¿µÄÉúÃüÁ¦£¬ÆäÎÛȾ¿ÉÄÜÐÔÒ²ºÜ´ó¡£
ÎÛȾµÄ¼à²â
Ò»¸öºÃµÄʵÑéÊÒ£¬ÒªÊ±¿Ì×¢ÒâÎÛȾµÄ¼à²â£¬¿¼ÂÇÓÐÎÞÎÛȾÊÇʲôԭÒòÔì³ÉµÄÎÛȾ£¬ÒÔ±ã²ÉÈ¡´ëÊ©£¬·ÀÖ¹ºÍÏû³ýÎÛȾ¡£

¶ÔÕÕÊÔÑé

1.ÑôÐÔ¶ÔÕÕ:ÔÚ½¨Á¢PCR·´Ó¦ÊµÑéÊÒ¼°Ò»°ãµÄ¼ìÑ鵥λ¶¼Ó¦ÉèÓÐPCRÑôÐÔ¶ÔÕÕ£¬ËüÊÇPCR·´Ó¦ÊÇ·ñ³É¹¦¡¢²úÎïÌõ´øλÖü°´óСÊÇ·ñºÏºõÀíÂÛÒªÇóµÄÒ»¸öÖØÒªµÄ²Î¿¼±êÖ¾¡£ÑôÐÔ¶ÔÕÕҪѡÔñÀ©Ôö¶ÈÖеȡ¢Öظ´ÐԺ㬾­¸÷ÖÖ¼ø¶¨ÊǸòúÎïµÄ±ê±¾£¬ÈçÒÔÖØ×éÖÊÁ£ÎªÑôÐÔ¶ÔÕÕ£¬Æ京Á¿Ò˵Ͳ»Ò˸ß(100¸ö¿½±´ÒÔÏÂ)£¬µ«ÑôÐÔ¶ÔÕÕÓÈÆäÊÇÖØ×éÖÊÁ£¼°¸ßŨ¶ÈÑôÐԱ걾£¬Æä¶Ô¼ì²â»òÀ©ÔöÑùÆ·ÎÛȾµÄ¿ÉÄÜÐԺܴó¡£Òò¶øµ±Ä³Ò»PCRÊÔ¼Á¾­×Ô¼ºÊ¹ÓÃÎȶ¨£¬¼ìÑéÈËÔ±ÐÄÖÐÓÐÊýʱ£¬ÔÚÒÔºóµÄʵÑéÖпÉÃâÉèÑôÐÔ¶ÔÕÕ¡£
2.ÒõÐÔ¶ÔÕÕ:ÿ´ÎPCRʵÑéÎñ±Ø×öÒõÐÔ¶ÔÕÕ¡£Ëü°üÀ¨¢Ù±ê±¾¶ÔÕÕ:±»¼ìµÄ±ê±¾ÊÇѪÇå¾ÍÓüø¶¨ºóµÄÕý³£ÑªÇå×÷¶ÔÕÕ;±»¼ìµÄ±ê±¾ÊÇ×é֯ϸ°û¾ÍÓÃÏàÓ¦µÄ×é֯ϸ°û×÷¶ÔÕÕ¡£¢ÚÊÔ¼Á¶ÔÕÕ:ÔÚPCRÊÔ¼ÁÖв»¼ÓÄ£°åDNA»òRNA£¬½øÐÐPCRÀ©Ôö£¬ÒÔ¼à²âÊÔ¼ÁÊÇ·ñÎÛȾ¡£
3.Öظ´ÐÔÊÔÑé
4.Ñ¡Ôñ²»Í¬ÇøÓòµÄÒýÎï½øÐÐPCRÀ©Ôö

·ÀÖ¹ÎÛȾµÄ·½·¨

(Ò»)ºÏÀí·Ö¸ôʵÑéÊÒ:½«ÑùÆ·µÄ´¦Àí¡¢ÅäÖÆPCR·´Ó¦Òº¡¢PCRÑ­»·À©Ôö¼°PCR²úÎïµÄ¼ø¶¨µÈ²½Öè·ÖÇø»ò·ÖÊÒ½øÐУ¬Ìرð×¢ÒâÑù±¾´¦Àí¼°PCR²úÎïµÄ¼ø¶¨Ó¦ÓëÆäËü²½ÖèÑϸñ·Ö¿ª¡£×îºÃÄÜ»®·Ö¢Ù±ê±¾´¦ÀíÇø;¢ÚPCR·´Ó¦ÒºÖƱ¸Çø;¢ÛPCRÑ­»·À©ÔöÇø;¢ÜPCR²úÎï¼ø¶¨Çø¡£ÆäʵÑéÓÃÆ·¼°ÎüÑùǹӦרÓã¬ÊµÑéÇ°Ó¦½«ÊµÑéÊÒÓÃ×ÏÍâÏßÏû¶¾ÒÔÆÆ»µ²ÐÁôµÄDNA»òRNA¡£
(¶þ)ÎüÑùǹ:ÎüÑùǹÎÛȾÊÇÒ»¸öÖµµÃ×¢ÒâµÄÎÊÌâ¡£ÓÉÓÚ²Ù×÷ʱ²»É÷½«ÑùÆ·»òÄ£°åºËËáÎüÈëǹÄÚ»òÕ³ÉÏǹͷÊÇÒ»¸öÑÏÖصÄÎÛȾԴ£¬Òò¶ø¼ÓÑù»òÎüÈ¡Ä£°åºËËáʱҪʮ·ÖСÐÄ£¬ÎüÑùÒªÂý£¬ÎüÑùʱ¾¡Á¿Ò»´ÎÐÔÍê³É£¬¼É¶à´Î³éÎü£¬ÒÔÃâ½»²æÎÛȾ»ò²úÉúÆøÈܽºÎÛȾ¡£
(Èý)Ô¤»ìºÍ·Ö×°PCRÊÔ¼Á:ËùÓеÄPCRÊÔ¼Á¶¼Ó¦Ð¡Á¿·Ö×°£¬ÈçÓпÉÄÜ£¬PCR·´Ó¦ÒºÓ¦Ô¤ÏÈÅäÖƺã¬È»ºóСÁ¿·Ö×°£¬-20¡æ±£´æ¡£ÒÔ¼õÉÙÖظ´¼ÓÑù´ÎÊý£¬±ÜÃâÎÛȾ»ú»á¡£ÁíÍ⣬PCRÊÔ¼Á£¬PCR·´Ó¦ÒºÓ¦ÓëÑùÆ·¼°PCR²úÎï·Ö¿ª±£´æ£¬²»Ó¦·ÅÓÚͬһ±ùºÐ»òͬһ±ùÏä¡£
(ËÄ)·ÀÖ¹²Ù×÷ÈËÔ±ÎÛȾ£¬Ê¹ÓÃÒ»´ÎÐÔÊÖÌס¢ÎüÍ·¡¢Ð¡ÀëÐĹÜÓ¦Ò»´ÎÐÔʹÓá£
(Îå)ÉèÁ¢Êʵ±µÄÑôÐÔ¶ÔÕÕºÍÒõÐÔ¶ÔÕÕ£¬ÑôÐÔ¶ÔÕÕÒÔÄܳöÏÖÀ©ÔöÌõ´øµÄ×îµÍÁ¿µÄ±ê×¼²¡Ô­ÌåºËËáΪÒË£¬²¢×¢Òâ½»²æÎÛȾµÄ¿ÉÄÜÐÔ£¬Ã¿´Î·´Ó¦¶¼Ó¦ÓÐÒ»¹Ü²»¼ÓÄ£°åµÄÊÔ¼Á¶ÔÕÕ¼°ÏàÓ¦²»º¬Óб»À©ÔöºËËáµÄÑùÆ·×÷ÒõÐÔ¶ÔÕÕ¡£
(Áù)¼õÉÙPCRÑ­»·´ÎÊý£¬Ö»ÒªPCR²úÎï´ïµ½¼ì²âˮƽ¾ÍÊʿɶøÖ¹¡£
(Æß)Ñ¡ÔñÖÊÁ¿ºÃµÄEppendorf¹Ü£¬ÒÔ±ÜÃâÑù±¾ÍâÒç¼°ÍâÀ´ºËËáµÄ½øÈ룬´ò¿ªÀëÐĹÜÇ°Ó¦ÏÈÀëÐÄ£¬½«¹Ü±Ú¼°¹Ü¸ÇÉϵÄÒºÌå˦ÖÁ¹Üµ×²¿¡£¿ª¹Ü¶¯×÷ÒªÇᣬÒÔ·À¹ÜÄÚÒºÌ彦³ö¡£
[Ó¡ÏóÅÉ (2-8 16:35, Long long ago)] [ ´«Í³°æ | sForum ][µÇ¼ºó»Ø¸´]6Â¥

(ÒýÓà ÓãƬÖà:hmm....this one is quite interesting~)ÎÒ×¼±¸Ð´hyp paperÁË¡£¡£ÕýÔÚanalyze result...ÏÈ´ò´òµ×[Ó¡ÏóÅÉ (2-8 16:35, Long long ago)] [ ´«Í³°æ | sForum ][µÇ¼ºó»Ø¸´]7Â¥

(ÒýÓà ӡÏóÅÉ:Ó¢ÎÄ¿ÆÑÐÎÄÕÂд×÷¼¼ÇÉa)ÈçºÎÖ¸³öµ±Ç°Ñо¿µÄ²»×ãÒÔ¼°ÓÐÄ¿µÄµØÒýµ¼³ö×Ô¼ºµÄÑо¿µÄÖØÒªÐÔ Í¨³£ÔÚÐðÊöÁËÇ°È˳ɹûÖ®ºó£¬ÓÃHoweverÀ´Òýµ¼²»×ã£...)ÂÛÎÄÐ޸ĵÄÖØÒªÐÔµ¶²»Ä¥²»¿ì£¬ÎÄÕ²»¸Ä²»ºÃ¡£¹ÅÍù½ñÀ´£¬·²Óгɾ͵Ä×÷¼Ò£¬Ã»Óв»ÖØÊÓÎÄÕÂÐ޸ĵġ£Á½¸É¶àÄêÇ°µÄ¹¶×Ó˵£º¡°ÈËÖ®ÓÚÎÄѧҲ£¬ÓÌÓñÖ®ÓÚ×ÁÄ¥Ò²¡±¡£²ÜÑ©ÇÛд¡¶ºìÂ¥ÃΡ·£¬ÓÚµ¿ºìÐùÖУ¬ÅûÔÄÊ®ÔØ£¬ÔöɾÎå´Î£¬¡°×Ö×Ö¿´À´½ÔÊÇѪ£¬Ê®ÄêÐÁ¿à²»Ñ°³£¡±¡£µ¤ÂóÎïÀíѧ¼Ò²£¶ûд¡¶¹âÓëÉúÃü¡·£¬·´¸´ÐÞ¸Ä9±é£¬Ò»Ö±µ½ËûÈÏΪÿ¸ö×־䶼ÍêÈ«±í´ïÁË×Ô¼ºµÄ±¾Ò⣬²ÅÕýʽ·¢±í¡£ÃÀ¹úº£Ã÷Íþ°Ñ¡¶ÀÏÈËÓ뺣¡·µÄÊָ巴¸´¶Á¹ý½ü200±é²Å×îºó¸¶Ó¡¡£×÷¼Ò°Í½ð˵£º¡°Ð´µ½ËÀ¡¢¸Äµ½ËÀ£»ÓÃÐÁÇÚµÄÐÞ¸ÄÀ´ÃÖ²¹×Ô¼º×÷Æ·µÄ©¶´¡±¡£Óɴ˿ɼû£¬ÐÞ¸ÄÊÇÂÛÎÄд×÷ÖÐÒ»¸ö·Ç³£ÖØÒªµÄ»·½Ú£¬´ÓijÖÖÒâÒåÉÏ¿ÉÒÔ˵ÊǾßÓоö¶¨ÐÔ×÷ÓõĻ·½Ú¡£

Ò»¡¢ÈÏʶ¹ý³ÌµÄ¼è¾ÞÐÔ¾ö¶¨ÁËÐ޸ĵıØÈ»ÐÔ

±ÏÒµÂÛÎÄÒªÇó´óѧÉúÔËÓÃËùѧ¹ýµÄ֪ʶ£¬ÀíÂÛÁªÏµÊµ¼Ê£¬À´²ûÊö¸Ä¸ï¿ª·ÅºÍÏÖ´ú»¯½¨ÉèÖÐһЩ´ø¹æÂÉÐÔµÄÈÏʶ¡£ÂÛÎÄÊÇ·´Ó³×÷Õ߶Կ͹ÛÊÂÎïµÄÈÏʶ£¬¶ø¿Í¹ÛÊÂÎïÊǷḻ¶à²Ê¡¢ÇúÕÛ¸´Ôӵģ¬ÈÏʶËü²»ÈÝÒ×£¬·´Ó³Ëü¸üÊÇÀ§ÄÑ¡£ÒòΪ£¬ÕâÖÖÀ§ÄÑÒ»·½ÃæÀ´Ô´Óڿ͹ÛÊÂÎï±¾ÉíµÄÄÚ²¿Ã¬¶ÜÓÐÒ»¸öÖð½¥±©Â¶¹ý³Ì£¬ËüµÄ·¢Õ¹ÊÇÇúÕÛ¸´Ôӵģ»ÁíÒ»·½ÃæÕâÖÖÀ§ÄÑÀ´Ô´ÓÚÈ˵ÄÈÏʶҪÊܵ½¸÷ÖÖÖ÷¿Í¹ÛÌõ¼þµÄÖÆÔ¼£¬ÔÚÈÏʶ¹ý³ÌµÄ¸÷¸ö½×¶ÎÖÐÉÔÓÐÊèºö£¬¾ÍÈÝÒ׳öÏÖƬÃæÐÔºÍÖ÷¹ÛÐÔ¡£Ã«Ôó¶«ÔÚ¡¶·´¶Ôµ³°Ë¹É¡·ÖÐÖ¸³ö£º¡°ÎÄÕÂÊǿ͹ÛÊÂÎïµÄ·´Ó³£¬¶øÊÂÎïÊÇÇúÕÛ¸´Ôӵģ¬±ØÐë·´¸´Ñо¿£¬²ÅÄÜ·´Ó³Ç¡µ±£»ÔÚÕâÀï´ÖÐÄ´óÒ⣬¾ÍÊDz»¶®µÃ×öÎÄÕµÄÆðÂë֪ʶ¡£¡±ÈËÃǶÔÑо¿¶ÔÏóµÄÈÏʶÓиöÓÉÏÖÏóµ½±¾ÖÊ¡¢ÓÉƬÃ浽ȫÃæ¡¢Óɲ»¹»Éî¿Ìµ½±È½ÏÉî¿ÌµÄ¹ý³Ì¡£¶øÇÒÈËÃǶÔÑо¿³É¹ûµÄ·´Ó³Ò²ÓиöÓɲ»¹»×¼È·¡¢Ç¡µ±£¬µ½±È½Ï׼ȷ¡¢Ç¡µ±µÄ¹ý³Ì¡£Ð´ÂÛÎľÍÊǶÔÑо¿³É¹ûµÄ·´Ó³£¬ÔÚ´Ó²»¹»×¼È·¡¢Ç¡µ±µ½±È½Ï׼ȷ¡¢Ç¡µ±µÄת±ä¹ý³ÌÖоͱØÈ»ÓÐÒ»¸öÐ޸ĵĻ·½Ú¡£Áзò¡¤Íжû˹̩˵¹ý£º¡°»Æ½ðÒª¾­¹ýÌÔÏ´²ÅÄܵõ½£¬¾«±ÙµÄ¡¢±»±í´ïµÃºÜºÃµÄ˼ÏëÒ²ÊÇÕâÑù¡£¡±Óɴ˿ɼû£¬ÐÞ¸ÄÎÄÕ·ûºÏÈ˵ÄÈÏʶ¹æÂÉ¡£

дÂÛÎÄ£¬´Ó±¾ÖÊ˵ÊÇÒ»¸öÈÏʶ¹ý³Ì£¬Ëü°üÀ¨Óɿ͹ÛÊÂÎïµ½È˵ÄÖ÷¹ÛÈÏʶµÄ¡°Ò⻯¡±£¬¹ý³ÌºÍ´ÓÖ÷¹ÛÈÏʶµ½ÊéÃæ±íÏֵġ°Îﻯ¡±¹ý³Ì¡£ÔÚÒ⻯¹ý³ÌÖг£³£³öÏÖ¡°Òâ²»·ûÎ£¬¼´Ö÷¹ÛÈÏʶδÄÜÍêÈ«¡¢ÕýÈ·µØÈÏʶ¿Í¹ÛÊÂÎ¶øÔÚÎﻯ¹ý³ÌÖÐÓÖÈÝÒ×·¢Éú¡°ÑÔ²»´ïÒ⡱¼´Ð´³ÉµÄÎÄÕ²»ÄÜÍêÕû¡¢×¼È·µØ·´Ó³×÷ÕߵĹ۵㡣Òò´Ë£¬ÔÚдÂÛÎĹý³ÌÖУ¬¶àÒ»´ÎÐ޸ľͶàÒ»´ÎÈÏʶ£»¶àÒ»´ÎÐ޸ľÍÇ°½øÒ»²½£¬ÖÁÉÙ¿ÉÒÔ¼õÉÙʧÎóºÍ¿Ë·þ²»×ã¡£ÕýÈç×÷¼ÒÀÏÉáËù˵£º¡°ÎÄÕ±ØÐëÐ޸ģ¬Ë­Ò²²»ÄÜÒ»ÏÂ×Ó¾Íд³ÉÒ»´óƪ£¬ÓÖ¿ìÓֺᣡ±

¶þ¡¢ÐÞ¸ÄÊÇÂÛÎÄд×÷ÖйᴩʼÖÕµÄÖØÒª»·½Ú

Ð޸ĴÓÐÎʽÉÏ¿´ÊÇд×÷µÄ×îºóÒ»µÀ¹¤Ðò£¬ÊÇÎÄÕµÄÍêÉƽ׶Σ¬µ«ÊÇ´Ó×ÜÌåÀ´¿´£¬ÐÞ¸ÄÊǹᴩÕû¸öд×÷¹ý³ÌµÄ¡£Ð´×÷Ò»°ã¿É·ÖΪËĸö½×¶Î£¬ÔÚÿһ¸ö½×¶Î¶¼Ó¦¸Ã¼ÓÇ¿Ð޸Ŧ·ò¡£µÚÒ»½×¶Î£¬ÔÍÄð¹¹Ë¼ÖеÄÐ޸ġ£ÂÛÎÄÔÚ¶¯±Ê֮ǰ£¬ÒªÔÍÄð¹¹Ë¼´ò¸¹¸å¡£Ð޸ľÍÒª´ÓÕâÀ↑ʼ¡£ÈçÈ·Á¢ÖÐÐÄ¡¢Ñ¡ÔñÌâ²Ä¡¢²¼¾ÖıƪµÈµÈ£¬¶¼Òª¾­¹ý·´¸´Ë¼Ë÷£¬ÓзÖÎöÒ²ÓÐ×ۺϡ£Õâ²»Âä±Ê¶ËµÄÐ޸ģ¬È´¾ö¶¨×ÅͨƪµÄ³É°Ü£¬¸¹¸å¸ÄµÃºÃ£¬Ð´ÆðÀ´ÉÙ×ßÍä·¡£Èç¹ûÈ·¶¨ÁËÒ»¸öÑÏÃܵÄÌá¸Ù£¬´îÆðÒ»¸öºÃ¼Ü×Ó£¬ÎÄÕ½ṹ¾Í²»»áÓдó±ä¶¯¡£ËùÒÔ¶¯±ÊÇ°Ò»¶¨ÒªÉî˼ÊìÂÇ£¬²»ÒªÐűÊдÀ´ÔÙ×÷´ó¸Ä¡£µÚ¶þ½×¶Î£¬¶¯±ÊºóµÄÐ޸ġ£Âä±ÊÒÔºó¾Í½øÈëϸÖµÄ˼Ë÷¹ý³Ì£¬ÐÎÏó˼άÓëÂß¼­Ë¼Î¬½»Óã¬ÓÐÊÂÀíµÄÍƶϣ¬ÐÎÏóµÄ̽Ë÷£¬²ã´ÎµÄ»®·Ö£¬¶ÎÂäµÄÏνӣ¬¾äʽµÄÑ¡¼ì£¬´Ê»ãµÄÕå×á¢ÍÆÇ᣸÷·½Ã涼¿ÉÄܾ­¹ý·´¸´·ÖÎö¡¢¶Ô±È¡¢¾ñÔñ£¬ÔڸĻ»È¡ÉáһЩ´ÊÓï¡¢¾äʽ¡¢²ã´Î¡¢¶ÎÂäÖ®ºóÍê³É³õ¸å¡£Õâ¾ÍÊDZßд±ß¸Ä£¬±ß¸Ä±ßдµÄ½×¶Î¡£µÚÈý½×¶Î£¬³õ¸åºóµÄÐ޸ġ£È«Îĸï³ÉÖ®ºó£¬ÒªÖð×ÖÖð¾ä£¬Öð²ãÖð¶ÎµÄÉó¶Á£¬×÷ͨÅ̵ÄÐ޸ġ£ÔÚÐÞ¸ÄÖв»½öÒª×Ã×ÖÕå¾ä£¬»¹Òª¿¼ÂDzÄÁÏÈ¡Éá¡¢²ã´Î°²ÅÅ¡¢½á¹¹×éÖ¯¡¢ÖÐÐĵıí´ï£¬µÈµÈ¡£µÚËĽ׶Σ¬ÔÚÖ¸µ¼ÀÏʦָµ¼ÏÂÐ޸ġ£Ö¸µ¼ÀÏʦÉóÔĺ󣬶ԲݸåµÄÓŵã¸øÓè¿Ï¶¨£¬²¢Ö¸³öÈ«ÎĵIJ»×ã¡£×÷ÕßÔÚÌýÈ¡Ö¸µ¼ÀÏʦµÄÆÀ½²ºó£¬Òª½øÒ»²½·¢ÏÖ×Ô¼ºÎÄÖеÄÓÅȱµã£¬Ñо¿ÒªÍ¸£¬ÁìÎòÒªÉȻºóÖØп¼ÂÇÐ޸ġ£ÕâʱºòµÄÐ޸IJ¢²»ÊÇÒ»¶þ´ÎÄܽáÊøµÄ£¬Ð޸ĵÄÄѶÈÒ²±ÈÔ­ÏÈÔö´óÁË¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬Èç¹û¸ÄºÃÁË£¬ÎÄÕÂˮƽ¿ÉÒÔÓÐÏÔÖøÌá¸ß¡£

ÔÚÕâËĸö½×¶ÎÖУ¬³õ¸åÖ®ºóµÄÐ޸ĸüΪÖØÒª¡£ÒòΪÂÛÎÄÔÚÆð²Ý³õ¸åµÄ¹ý³ÌÖУ¬×÷Õ߶Ôÿ¸öÂ۵㡢Â۾ݲ»¿ÉÄÜÏëµÃºÜÖÜÃÜ£¬±í´ïÔò¸üÄÑ×öµ½×¼È·ÎÞÎ󡣶øÔڲݸåд³öºó£¬×÷ÕßµÄ×ÅÑÛµã¿ÉÒÔ´Ó¾Ö²¿Ð´×÷תµ½×ÜÌåÉóÊÓ£¬¾Ó¸ßÁÙϵؼì²é£¬ÍÆÇÃÖÐÐÄÂÛµãµÄ±í´ïÊÇ·ñÍ»³ö£¬¸÷²ã´Î¡¢¶ÎÂäµÄ°²ÅÅÊÇ·ñÍ×µ±¡£ÁíÍ⣬×÷ÕßµÄÁ¢×ãµã¿ÉÒÔ´Ó׫дÕßÒƵ½¶ÁÕß·½Ã棬±È½Ï³¬ÍѵضÔÂÛÎĸ÷¸ö²¿·Ö½øÐС°ÆÀÍ·ÂÛ×㡱£¬¡°ÌôÈý¼ðËÄ¡±£¬¸ü¿Í¹ÛºÍ¸üÑϸñµØÈÏÕæ˼¿¼£¬·´¸´ÍÆÇã¬Ê¹ÂÛÎĽøÒ»²½Ç÷ÓÚ³ÉÊìºÍÍêÃÀ¡£

Èý¡¢ÐÞ¸ÄÊÇÌá¸ßд×÷ÄÜÁ¦µÄÖØҪ;¾¶

±ÏÒµÂÛÎĵÄд×÷ÊÇÒ»ÖÖд×÷ÄÜÁ¦µÄ¶ÍÁ¶ºÍ×ÛºÏÄÜÁ¦µÄѵÁ·¡£ÒªÌá¸ßд×÷ÄÜÁ¦£¬¼ÈÒª¶àд£¬¸üÒª¶à¸Ä¡£¹ÅÈË˵£º¡°ÉÆ×÷²»ÈçÉƸġ±£¬¡°ÎÄÕÂÊǸijöÀ´µÄ¡±¡£Óв»ÉÙ´óѧÉú˼·Ãô½Ý£¬Ð´¶«Î÷Ò²±È½Ï¿ì£¬µ«ÊÇÓÉÓÚ²»ÖØÊÓÎÄÕµÄÐ޸ģ¬ÍÆÇúÍ×ÁÄ¥½ÏÉÙ£¬Ð´³ÉµÄÎÄÕÂÍùÍù½á¹¹±È½ÏËÉÉ¢£¬´Ê¾äÖظ´ÂÞËô£¬´í±ð×ÖÒ²½Ï¶à£¬Òò¶øд×÷ˮƽÌá¸ß²»¿ì¡£Ó¦¸Ã°ÑÐ޸Ŀ´×÷ÊÇд×÷¹ý³ÌµÄÒ»¸öÖØÒª½×¶Î¡£Ñ§Ï°ÔõÑùÐÞ¸ÄÎÄÕ£¬Ò²ÊÇд×÷µÄÒ»ÖÖ»ù±¾ÑµÁ·£¬¶øÇÒÊǸüÓÐЧµÄѵÁ·¡£Â³Ñ¸°ÑÁìÎò¡°²»Ó¦¸ÃÄÇôд¡±¡ª¡ª¼´Ð޸ijõ¸åµÄ·½·¨£¬³ÆΪÊÇ¡°¼«ÎªÓÐÒæµÄѧϰ·½·¨¡±¡£´ÓijÖÖÒâÒåÉÏ˵£¬»á²»»áдÎÄÕ£¬¿ÉÒÔÓû᲻»áÐÞ¸ÄÀ´ºâÁ¿¡£Ö»Óе½ÁË»áдҲ»á¸ÄµÄʱºò£¬²Å¿ÉÒÔ˵¾ßÓÐÒ»¶¨µÄд×÷ˮƽºÍÄÜÁ¦¡£ÕýÈçÆõºÓ·òËù˵£º¡°Ð´µÃºÃµÄ±¾Á죬¾ÍÊÇɾµôдµÃ²»ºÃµÄµØ·½µÄ±¾Á족¡£Í¨¹ýÐÞ¸ÄÂÛÎÄ£¬¿ÉÒÔ½øÒ»²½Ìá¸ßDz´ÊÔì¾ä£¬½á¹¹ÎÄÕµÄÄÜÁ¦ºÍÂß¼­ÍÆÀíµÄ¹¦·ò¡£

ÐÞ¸ÄÂÛÎÄ£¬Ò²ÊÇÅàÑøÑϽ÷µÄÖÎѧ̬¶ÈºÍÁ¼ºÃѧ·çµÄÐèÒª¡£Ð´ÎÄÕÂÊǸø±ðÈË¿´µÄ£¬»á¶ÔÉç»á²úÉúÒ»¶¨µÄÓ°Ïì¡£Òò´Ë£¬×÷Õß±ØÐ뱧×ŶԶÁÕ߶ÔÉç»áµÄ¸ß¶È¸ºÔð¾«ÉñÈÏÕæÐÞ¸ÄÂÛÎÄ¡£ÈÏÕæÐÞ¸ÄÂÛÎÄ£¬Ñϸñ°Ñ¹Ø£¬ÕâÊÇÒ»ÖÖÑϽ÷µÄ¿Æѧ̬¶ÈºÍÖÎѧ̬¶È¡£Â³Ñ¸Ëµ¹ý£º¡°Ð´ÍêºóÖÁÉÙ¿´Á½±é£¬½ßÁ¦½«¿ÉÓпÉÎÞµÄ×Ö¡¢¾ä¡¢¶Îɾȥ£¬ºÁ²»¿Éϧ¡£¡±ËûÈ°±ðÈËÐÞ¸ÄÎÄÕ£¬Ëû×Ô¼ºµÄÎÄÕÂÒ²³£³£ÊÇ·´¸´Ð޸ĵġ£ËûµÄÖøÃûÉ¢ÎÄ¡¶ÌÙÒ°ÏÈÉú¡·£¬Ð޸ĵĵط½ÓÐ160¡ª170´¦£¬¡¶£¼·Ø¡·µÄÌâ¼Ç¡·È«ÎÄÖ»ÓÐ1000¶à×Ö£¬¸Ä¶¯Ò²Óаٴ¦Ö®¶à¡£ÎÞ²ú½×¼¶µÄ¸ïÃüµ¼Ê¦ÔÚÐÞ¸ÄËûÃǵÄÖø×÷ʱ£¬¸üÊǾ«ÒæÇ󾫡£Âí¿Ë˼ÔÚ¡¶×ʱ¾ÂÛ¡·µÚÒ»¾íдÍêºó£¬´ÓÍ·µ½Î²×÷ÁËÐ޸ġ£ºóÀ´µÄµÂÎĵڶþ°æºÍ·¨ÎÄÒë±¾£¬ËûÓÖ·Ö±ð×÷ÁËÐ޸ġ£Ëûд¡¶×ʱ¾ÂÛ¡·³¤´ï40Ä꣬Öм侭¹ý¶à´ÎÐ޸ģ¬ÏÖÔÚµÄÇ°¶þ¾íµÄÇ°Ò»²¿·ÖÔ­¸å£¬¹â±£´æÏÂÀ´µÄ¾ÍÓÐ8ÖÖÖ®¶à¡£±£¶û¡¤À­·¨¸ñÔÚ¡¶ÒäÂí¿Ë˼¡·Ò»ÊéÖÐ˵£ºÂí¿Ë˼¡°¾ø²»³ö°æÒ»±¾Ã»Óо­¹ýËû×Ðϸ¼Ó¹¤ºÍÈÏÕæ×ÁÄ¥µÄ×÷Æ·¡£Ëû²»ÄÜÈÌÊÜËûδÍê³ÉµÄ¶«Î÷¹«Ö®´óÖÚµÄÕâÖÖ˼Ïë¡£Òª°ÑËûûÓÐ×ö×îºóУÕýµÄÊÖ¸å¸ø±ðÈË¿´£¬¶ÔËûÊÇ×îÍ´¿àµÄÊÂÇé¡£¡­¡­ÓÐÒ»ÌìËû¶ÔÎÒ˵£¬ËûÄþ¿É°Ñ×Ô¼ºµÄÊÖ¸åÉÕµô£¬Ò²²»Ô¸°ëÉú²»ÊìµØÒÅÁôÓÚÉíºó¡£¡±ÕâÖÖ¶ÔÉç»áµÄ¸ß¶È¸ºÔð¾«Éñ£¬ÖµµÃÎÒÃÇѧϰ¡£ÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÒÔ´ÓÂí¿Ë˼ÕâÖָ߶ȸºÔðµÄ¾«Éñ¼³È¡ÎÞÇîµÄÁ¦Á¿¡£
[Ó¡ÏóÅÉ (2-8 16:36, Long long ago)] [ ´«Í³°æ | sForum ][µÇ¼ºó»Ø¸´]8Â¥

(ÒýÓà ӡÏóÅÉ:Ó¢ÎÄ¿ÆÑÐÎÄÕÂд×÷¼¼ÇÉa)ÈçºÎÖ¸³öµ±Ç°Ñо¿µÄ²»×ãÒÔ¼°ÓÐÄ¿µÄµØÒýµ¼³ö×Ô¼ºµÄÑо¿µÄÖØÒªÐÔ Í¨³£ÔÚÐðÊöÁËÇ°È˳ɹûÖ®ºó£¬ÓÃHoweverÀ´Òýµ¼²»×ã£...)ÂÛÎÄÐ޸ĵķ¶Î§ÂÛÎÄÐÞ¸ÄÓйãÒåºÍÏÁÒåÁ½ÖÖÀí½â¡£¹ãÒåµÄÀí½â°üÀ¨Ð´×÷¹ý³ÌÖÐÿһ¸ö»·½ÚµÄÐ޸ģ»ÏÁÒåµÄÀí½â£¬Ôòרָ²Ý¸åÍê³ÉÖ®ºóµÄ¼Ó¹¤Ð޸ġ£²»¹ÜÊÇÏÁÒåµÄÀí½â»¹ÊǹãÒåµÄÀí½â£¬ÂÛÎÄÐ޸ĵÄÄÚÈݺͷ¶Î§Ò»°ã¶¼°üÀ¨£ºË¼Ïë¹Ûµã°üÀ¨Ö÷ÌâÔÚÄÚµÄÐ޸ġ¢²ÄÁÏʹÓõÄÐ޸ġ¢½á¹¹µÄÐ޸ġ¢ÓïÑÔµÄÐ޸ĵȣ¬ÏÂÃæ·Ö±ð̸̸¸÷ÏîÐ޸ĵķ¶Î§¼°ÆäÒªÇó¡£

Ò»¡¢Ë¼Ïë¹ÛµãµÄÐ޸ġ£


дÎÄÕµÄÖ÷ҪĿµÄÊÇΪÁ˱í´ï×Ô¼ºµÄ˼Ï룬Ðû´«×Ô¼ºµÄÖ÷ÕÅ£¬Èç¹û×Ô¼ºµÄÈÏʶ²»Éî¿Ì£¬ÉõÖÁÓдíÎ󣬾Ͳ»¿ÉÄÜʹ±ðÈ˵õ½½ÌÒæ¡£ÉõÖÁ»á¸øÈËÒÔ»µµÄÓ°Ïì¡£ÎÄÕµÄÂÛµãÊÇÎÄÕµÄͳ˧£¬Èç¹ûÈÏʶ·ôdz£¬¼ûʶ²»¸ß£¬ÒªÏë°ÑÎÄÕµIJÄÁÏ¡¢½á¹¹µÈÕûÀíºÃ£¬Ò²ÊÇÀ§Äѵġ£ËùÒÔ£¬ÐÞ¸ÄÂÛÎÄ£¬Ê×ÏÈÒª¿¼ÂÇÂÛÎĵÄÖ÷ÌâºÍ¹ÛµãÊÇ·ñÕýÈ·£¬ÈÏʶÊÇ·ñÉî¿Ì£¬ÎÄÕÂÓзñÐÂÒâ¡£
µÚÒ»£¬Òª×Û¹ÛÈ«¾Ö£¬Á¢×ãȫƪ£¬ÉóÊÓÎÄÕµÄÖÐÐÄÂÛµãÊÇ·ñÕýÈ·¡¢¼¯ÖС¢ÏÊÃ÷¡¢Éî¿Ì£¬ÊÇ·ñ¾ßÓд´ÐÂÐÔ£¬ÎÄÌâÊÇ·ñÏà·û£¬Èô¸É´ÓÊôÂÛµãÓëÖÐÐÄÂÛµãÊÇ·ñÒ»Ö£¬Ä³Ð©Ìá·¨ÊÇ·ñÈ«Ã桢׼ȷ¡£Èç¹ûÖÐÐÄÂÛµã°ÑÎÕ²»×¼È·£¬²»ÄÜ°Ñ×îµäÐÍ¡¢×î¾ß±¾ÖÊÒâÒåµÄ˼ÏëºÍ¹æÂɽÒʾ³öÀ´£¬»òÕßÓÐijÖÖʧÎóºÍÆ«ÆÄ£¬¾ÍÒª¶¯¡°´óÊÖÊõ¡±£¬½øÐÐÒ»´Î´ó¸ÄдÉõÖÁÖØд£»Èç¹ûÎÄÕÂÖеÄÂÛµãÂäºóÓÚÐÎÊƵķ¢Õ¹£¬È±·¦ÐÂÒ⣬¾ÍÒªÖØй¹Ë¼ºÍ¸ÅÀ¨£¬»ò¸Ä±äÂÛÖ¤½Ç¶È£¬½øÒ»²½ÍÚ¾òºÍÌá¸ß¡£
µÚ¶þ£¬¶ÔÓÚÂÛÎÄÖгöÏÖµÄÖ÷¹Û¡¢Æ¬Ãæ¡¢¿Õ·ºµÄµØ·½£¬Òª½øÐÐÇ¿»¯¡¢Ôö²¹µÈ¸Äд¹¤×÷£¬Ê¹Æ«ÆĵĸÄÖпϣ¬Æ¬ÃæµÄ¸ÄÈ«Ã棬ģºýµÄ¸ÄÏÊÃ÷£¬´ÖdzµÄ¸ÄÉî¿Ì£¬ËÉÉ¢µÄ¸Ä¼¯ÖУ¬ÓÐʧ·Ö´çµÄ¸ÄÇ¡µ±£¬³Â¾ÉµÄ¸ÄÐÂÓ±£¬Á¢ÒâÌ«µÍµÄ¼ÓÒÔÉý»ª¡£
µÚÈý£¬ÐÞ¸ÄÂÛÎĵıêÌâ¡£ÂÛÎĵÄÌâÄ¿ÊÇÂÛÎĵġ°ÑÛ¾¦¡±£¬Èç¹ûÌâÄ¿¶ÌС¾«Á¶ÏÊÃ÷£¬¾ÍÄÜ´«ÉñÉú»Ô£¬Ê¹ÈËÒ»¿´¾ÍÓÐÐËȤ¡£ËùÒÔ¶Ô³õ¸åµÄÌâÄ¿½øÐÐÕå×á¢ÍÆÇú͸Ķ¯£¬ÊǷdz£ÖØÒªµÄ¡£ÂÛÎÄд×÷£¬ÎĺÍÌâÊÇ»¥Ïà×÷Óᢻ¥ÏàÓ°ÏìµÄ¡£ÎÄÒªÇÐÌ⣬ÌâÒªÅäÎÄ£¬Èç¹ûÎIJ»¶ÔÌ⣬ÌâÄ¿¹ý³¤»òÌ«Áýͳ£¬¶¼±ØÐëÐ޸ģ¬Ê¹ÌâÄ¿ÄܸÅÀ¨µØ±í´ïÂÛÎĵÄÖÐÐÄÂÛµãºÍÌÖÂ۵ķ¶Î§£¬Æ𵽡°»­Áúµã¾¦¡±µÄ×÷Óá£


¶þ¡¢Ð޸IJÄÁÏ£¬Ö÷ÒªÖ¸¶ÔÂÛÎÄÒýÓõIJÄÁÏÔö¼Ó¡¢É¾½Ú»òµ÷Õû


²ÄÁÏÊÇÎÄÕÂÖеġ°ÑªÈ⡱£¬ËüÊÇÖ¤Ã÷¹ÛµãµÄÂ۾ݣ¬ÊÇÂÛµã³ÉÁ¢µÄÒÀÍС£Òò¶ø¶ÔÑ¡ÓòÄÁϵĻù±¾ÒªÇóÊÇ£ºÒ»ÊDZØÒª£¬¼´Ñ¡ÓÃ˵Ã÷¹ÛµãµÄ²ÄÁÏ£»¶þÊÇÕæʵ£¬¼´ËùÓõIJÄÁϱØÐë·ûºÏʵ¼Ê£¬×¼È·¿É¿¿£»ÈýÊǺÏÊÊ£¬¼´²ÄÁÏÒýÓÃҪǡµ±£¬²»¶à²»ÉÙ£¬Ç¡µ½ºÃ´¦¡£ÔÚÐÞ¸ÄÂÛÎÄÖУ¬Òª¿´ÒýÓõIJÄÁÏÊÇ·ñÈ·ÔäÓÐÁ¦£»ÊÇ·ñÓгö´¦£»ÊÇ·ñÄÜÏ໥ÅäºÏ˵Ã÷Â۵㣻ÊÇ·ñ·¢»ÓÁËÂÛÖ¤µÄÁ¦Á¿£»ÊÇ·ñºÏºõÂß¼­£»ÊÇ·ñ¾ßÓÐ˵·þÁ¦¡£Òª°Ñ²»×ãµÄ²ÄÁϲ¹×㣬Ҫ°Ñ¿Õ·ºµÄ³Â¾ÉµÄƽµ­µÄ²ÄÁϼÓÒÔµ÷»»£»Òª°Ñ²»ÊµµÄ²ÄÁϺÍÓëÖ÷ÌâÎ޹صIJÄÁϼá¾öɾ³ý¡£
Ð޸IJÄÁÏÒ»°ã·ÖÁ½²½½øÐУº
µÚÒ»²½ÊDzéºËУÕý£¬¼´ÏȲ»¿¼Âǹ۵㡢½á¹¹¡¢ÓïÑÔ£¬Ö»²éºË²ÄÁϱ¾ÉíÊÇ·ñÕæʵ¡¢¿ÉÐÅ¡¢×¼È·£¬°üÀ¨¶Ô³õ¸åÖеĶ¨ÂÉ¡¢Â۶ϡ¢Êý¾Ý¡¢µäÐͲÄÁÏ¡¢ÒýÎijö´¦µÈ½øÐк˶ԣ¬·¢ÏÖÒɵãºÍÇ°ºóì¶ÜµÄµØ·½£¬Ò»¶¨Òª¸ãÇå³þ¡¢ÅªÃ÷°×£¬Èç¹û¹­1ÓÃÁ˾­µä×÷¼ÒµÄ»°£¬ÈçÓÐÌõ¼þ×îºÃºË¶ÔÔ­ÎÄ£¬°ÑÒ»ÇÐʧÎó¡¢Ê§ÊµºÍÓгöÈëµÄ²ÄÁϸøÓèɾ³ý»ò¸Äд׼ȷ£¬±£Ö¤ÂÛÎĽ¨Á¢ÔÚ¼áʵ¿É¿¿µÄ»ù´¡Ö®ÉÏ¡£
µÚ¶þ²½£¬¸ù¾ÝÂÛÖ¤ÖÐÐÄÂÛµãºÍ¸÷·ÖÂÛµãµÄÒªÇ󣬶ԲÄÁϽøÐÐÔö¡¢É¾¡¢µ÷¡£¶ÔÓÚȱÉÙ²ÄÁÏ»ò²ÄÁϵ¥±¡¡¢²»×ãÒÔ˵Ã÷ÂÛµãµÄ£¬¾ÍÒªÔö²¹Óдú±íÐÔ¡¢ÓеäÐÍÐÔµÄвÄÁÏ£¬Ê¹Â۾ݸü¼Ó³äʵ£¬Ê¹ÂÛÖ¤±äµÃ¸ü³ä·ÖÓÐÁ¦¡£¶Ô²ÄÁÏÔÓÂÒ¡¢Öظ´£¬»ò²ÄÁÏÓë¹Ûµã²»Ò»Öµģ¬ÔòҪɾ¼õ£¬ÒÔÍ»³ö¹Ûµã£¬²»ÄÜÒÔ²ÄÁ϶à¶øȡʤ£¬Ó¦ÒÔÊʶÈΪ¼Ñ¡£¶ÔÓڳ¾ɡ¢ºõ̸¡¢Ò»°ã»¯µÄ²ÄÁÏ£¬ÔòÒª½øÐе÷»»£¬»»ÉϸüºÏÊʵIJÄÁÏ¡£


Èý¡¢Ð޸Ľṹ


½á¹¹ÊÇÂÛÎıíÏÖÐÎʽµÄÖØÒªÒòËØ£¬ÊÇÂÛÎÄÄÚÈݵÄ×éÖ¯°²ÅÅ¡£½á¹¹µÄºÃ»µ£¬Ö±½Ó¹Øϵ×ÅÂÛÎÄÄÚÈݵıí´ïЧ¹û¡£½á¹¹µÄµ÷ÕûºÍУÕý£¬¹Øϵ×ÅÈ«ÎĵIJ¼¾ÖºÍ°²ÅÅ¡£µ÷Õû½á¹¹£¬ÒªÇóÀí˳˼Ï룬¼ì²éÂÛÎÄÖÐÐÄÊÇ·ñÍ»³ö£¬²ã´ÎÊÇ·ñÇå³þ£¬¶ÎÂä»®·ÖÊÇ·ñºÏÊÊ£¬¿ªÍ·¡¢½áβ¡¢¹ý¶ÉÕÕÓ¦ÈçºÎ£¬È«ÎÄÊÇ·ñ¹¹³ÉÒ»¸öÍêÕûµÄÑÏÃܵÄÕûÌå¡£µ÷ÕûµÄÔ­ÔòºÍÒªÇó£¬ÊÇÒªÓÐÀûÓÚÍ»³öÖÐÐÄÂ۵㣬·þÎñÓÚ±íÏÖÖÐÐÄÂ۵㡣
Ð޸Ľṹ£¬Ó¦Ö÷ҪץºÃÒÔÏÂÈý¸ö·½Ã棺
µÚÒ»£¬²ã´ÎÊÇ·ñÇå³þ£¬Ë¼Â·ÊÇ·ñͨ³©¡£Ò»°ã¿ÉÒÔÏÈ´Ó´óС±êÌâÖ®¼äµÄ¹ØϵÀ´¿´ÎÄÕµÄ˼·ºÍ²ã´Î¡£Èç¹ûÂÛÎIJ»ÉèС±êÌ⣬Ôò±ØÐë´ÓÄÚÈÝÈ¥Åжϡ£ÀýÈ磬ÎÄÕÂÔÚÄÚÈÝÉÏÊÇ·ñ·ûºÏ¡°Ìá³öÎÊÌ⣬·ÖÎöÎÊÌ⣬½â¾öÎÊÌ⡱µÄÂß¼­ÁªÏµ£»È«ÎĵIJ¼¾Ö¡¢²ã´ÎºÍ¶ÎÂäµÄ°²ÅÅÊÇ·ñÓÐÌõÀí£»²ã´ÎµÄÂöÂçÊÇ·ñ·ÖÃ÷¡¢Ë³³©£»¸÷¶ÎµÄ·ÖÂÛµãÊÇ·ñÃ÷È·¡¢Ð­µ÷£»¶ÔÔÓÂÒÎÞÕµIJûÊöÒªÊèÀíͨ˳£»É¾È¥Öظ´ºÍì¶ÜµÄµØ·½£¬²¹ÉÏȱÉٵIJ¿·Ö£¬´ïµ½È«ÎÄÒâ˼ÉÏÁ¬¹áͨ³©¡£
µÚ¶þ£¬½á¹¹ÊÇ·ñÍêÕû¡£ÂÛÎÄÒªÓÐÒ»¸öÍêÕûµÄ½á¹¹¡£Ò»ÆªÂÛÎÄÒªÓÐÐ÷ÂÛ¡¢±¾ÂÛ¡¢½áÂÛÈý´ó²¿·ÖЭµ÷Ò»Ö£¬¼´ÒªÓÐÒýÈËÈëʤµÄ¿ªÍ·£¬ÓвÄÁÏÓзÖÎöµÄÂÛÖ¤£¬ÓÐÏÊÃ÷¡¢ÕýÈ·µÄ¹ÛµãºÍÉî¿ÌÓÐÁ¦µÄ½áβ¡£Í¬Ê±»¹ÒªÉóÊÓ¸÷¸ö²¿·ÖµÄÖ÷´Î¡¢ÏêÂÔÊÇ·ñµÃµ±¡£
µÚÈý£¬½á¹¹ÊÇ·ñÑÏÃÜ¡£Ò»ÆªÂÛÎıØÐëÊÇÂÛµãÓëÂ۾ݣ¬´óÂÛµãÓëСÂÛµãÖ®¼äÓÐÑÏÃܵÄÂß¼­ÐÔ¡£Èç¹ûÂÛÎĽṹËÉÉ¢£¬Òª¼ÓÒÔ½ôËõ£¬É¾È¥ÄÇЩ¶àÓàµÄ²ÄÁÏ£¬É¾È¥ÌíÖ¦¼ÓÒ¶¡¢ÀëÌâÌ«Ô¶»òÎ޹ؽôÒªµÄ¾ä¶Î¡£ÎªÊ¹½á¹¹ÑϽ÷ºÍг£¬¶ÔÈ«Îĸ÷²¿·ÖµÄ¹ý¶ÉºÍÕÕÓ¦¡¢½á¹¹µÄÏνӡ¢ÓïÆøµÄÁ¬¹áµÈ·½Ã棬ҲҪÈÏÕæµØ¿¼ÂǺÍÐ޸ġ£


ËÄ¡¢ÐÞ¸ÄÓïÑԺͱêµã


ÓïÑÔÊDZí´ï˼ÏëµÄ¹¤¾ß£¬ÒªÊ¹ÂÛÎÄдµÃ׼ȷ¡¢¼ò½à¡¢Éú¶¯£¬¾Í²»Äܲ»ÔÚÓïÑÔÔËÓÃÉÏ·´¸´ÍÆÇÃÐ޸ġ£ÂÛÎĵÄÓïÑÔÐ޸ģ¬Ö÷ÒªÊÇÔÚÈý·½ÃæϹ¦·ò£ºÒ»ÊDZí´ïÇå³þ¶ø¼òÁ·£¬ÓÃ×îÉÙµÄÎÄ×Ö˵Ã÷¾¡¿ÉÄܶàµÄÎÊÌ⣬ÊÇһƪ¸ßÖÊÁ¿ÂÛÎıز»¿ÉÉÙµÄÌõ¼þ¡£ÎªÁËʹÎÄÕ¾«Á·£¬±ØÐë°ÑÂÞËô¡¢Öظ´µÄµØ·½£¬¸ÄΪ¾«Á·¡¢¼ò½àµÄÎÄ×Ö£»¶þÊÇÎÄ×Ö±í´ïµÄ׼ȷÐÔ¡£ÎªÁËÓïÑÔµÄ׼ȷÐÔ£¬¾ÍÒª°ÑËÆÊǶø·ÇµÄ»°£¬¸ÄΪ׼ȷµÄÎÄ×Ö£»ÈýÊÇÓïÑԵĿɶÁÐÔ£¬ÎªÁËÓïÑԵĿɶÁÐÔ£¬Òª°Ñƽµ­µÄ¸ÄΪÏÊÃ÷£¬°ÑÞֿڵĸÄΪÁ÷³©£¬°Ñ¿Ì°åµÄ¸ÄΪÉú¶¯£¬°ÑÒþ»ÞµÄ¸ÄΪÃ÷¿ì£¬°Ñº¬»ì¡¢ÁýͳµÄ¸ÄΪÇåÎú¡¢¾ßÌå¡£
ÈçºÎ¼ÓÇ¿ÓïÑÔµÄÍÆÇúʹ¸Á¶?
ΪÁËʹÓïÑÔ׼ȷ¡¢¼ò½à¡¢Éú¶¯£¬²»Äܲ»´¸Á¶×־䣬¶ø´¸Á¶×־䣬±ØÐëÒªÓÐÕýÈ·µÄÖ¸µ¼Ë¼Ïë¡£¶ÔÓïÑԵĴ¸Á¶¼Ó¹¤£¬Ä¿µÄÊÇΪÁ˸üºÃµØ±íÇé´ïÒ⣬ËùÒÔ´¸Á¶²»ÄÜÍÑÀëÄÚÈݵÄÐèÒª£¬È¥¹ÂÁ¢µØµñ×ÁÎÄ´Ê£¬×·Çó»ªÀö¡£ÕâÊÇÔÚÖ¸µ¼Ë¼ÏëÉϱØÐëÃ÷È·µÄ¡£ÁíÍ⣬ÔÚÐÞ¸ÄÖÐҪעÒâÒÔÏÂÈý¸ö·½Ã棺
µÚÒ»£¬Òª¾¡¿ÉÄÜÀûÓÃ׼ȷÉú¶¯¡¢¼ò½àµÄÓïÑÔ£¬¶ÔÉúÔì´ÊÓï¡¢´ÊÀàÎóÓᢴÊÒå»ìÂÒµÈÓôʲ»µ±¡¢´Ê²»´ïÒâµÄ벡£¬Òª¼á¾ö¸Äµô£¬¼á¾öÏûÃð´í±ð×ֺͲ»¹æ·¶µÄ¼ò»¯×Ö¡¢×ÔÔì´Ê¡£Â³Ñ¸ËµËû×Ô¼ºÐ´ÎÄÕ¡°²»ÉúÔì³ý×Ô¼ºÖ®Í⣬˭Ҳ²»¶®µÄÐÎÈÝ´ÊÖ®Àࡱ£¬¡°Ö»ÓÐ×Ô¼º¶®µÃ»òÁ¬×Ô¼ºÒ²²»¶®µÄÉúÔì³öÀ´µÄ×־䣬ÊDz»´óÓõġ±¡£ÕâÑùÒ»ÖÖÑÏËàÈÏÕæһ˿²»¹¶µÄ¾«Éñ£¬ÊÇÖµµÃÎÒÃÇÈÏÕæѧϰµÄ¡£
µÚ¶þ£¬¶Ô½á¹¹²Ðȱ¡¢½á¹¹»ìÂÒ¡¢´îÅä²»µ±µÈ²»ºÏÓï·¨µÄ¾ä×Ó£¬Òª×¢Òâ¸ÄÕý£¬Ê¹Ö®ºÏºõÓïÑԹ淶¡£¶Å¸¦Ëµ£º¡°ÎªÈËÐÔƧµ¢¼Ñ¾ä£¬Óï²»¾ªÈËËÀ²»ÐÝ¡±¡£ÌÆ´ú×÷¼ÒƤÈÕÐÝ˵£º¡°°ÙÁ¶³É×Ö£¬Ç§Á¶³É¾ä¡±¡£×Ö¾äÒªºÃ£¬¾Í±ØÐë·´¸´´¸Á¶¡¢·´¸´×ÁÄ¥Ð޸ġ£
µÚÈý£¬Òª×¢Òâ¾ä×ÓÖ®¼äµÄÂß¼­ÁªÏµ£¬Á¦ÇóÉÏϹáͨ£¬ÓïÆøÒ»Ö£¬Í¨Ë³Á÷³©¡£
µÚËÄ£¬¼ì²é±êµã¡¢¹æ·¶Êéд¡£±êµã·ûºÅÊÇÎÄÕµĹ¹³ÉÒªËØÖ®Ò»£¬ÊÇÎÄÕµÄÓлú×é³É²¿·Ö£¬ÓõÃÇ¡µ±£¬Äܹ»×¼È·µØ±í´ïÄÚÈÝ£»·´Ö®£¬¾Í»áÓ°ÏìÄÚÈݵıí´ï£¬ÉõÖÁ²úÉúÆçÒå¡£¼ì²é±êµã·ûºÅ£¬Ö÷ÒªÊÇ¿´±êµã·ûºÅµÄÓ÷¨ÊÇ·ñÕýÈ·£¬ÒÔ¼°µ÷Õûµã´íλÖõıêµã·ûºÅ¡£ÐÞ¸Äʱ£¬Òª°´Ô¼¶¨Ë׳ɵÄÓ÷¨£¬Ñϸñ°´¹æ¶¨µÄ¸ñʽ½øÐÐÊéд¡£ÁíÍ⣬ÐÞ¸Äʱ£¬Ò»¶¨Òª°ÑÁʲݵÄ×ֺͲ»¹æ·¶µÄ×Ö¸ÄÕý£¬³­Ð´Ê±ÒªÊéд¹¤Õû¡¢×Ö¼£Çå³þ¡£»¹ÓУ¬ÔÚÐÞ¸ÄÖУ¬¶ÔÂÛÎÄÖеÄͼ±í¡¢·ûºÅ¡¢¹«Ê½Òª¼ì²é£¬ÒªºÏºõ¹æ·¶£¬¶Ô±È½Ï¸´ÔÓµÄÈÝÒ׳ö´íµÄ£¬¸üÓ¦×ÐϸУÕý¡£
[Ó¡ÏóÅÉ (2-8 16:38, Long long ago)] [ ´«Í³°æ | sForum ][µÇ¼ºó»Ø¸´]9Â¥

(ÒýÓà ӡÏóÅÉ:Ó¢ÎÄ¿ÆÑÐÎÄÕÂд×÷¼¼ÇÉa)ÈçºÎÖ¸³öµ±Ç°Ñо¿µÄ²»×ãÒÔ¼°ÓÐÄ¿µÄµØÒýµ¼³ö×Ô¼ºµÄÑо¿µÄÖØÒªÐÔ Í¨³£ÔÚÐðÊöÁËÇ°È˳ɹûÖ®ºó£¬ÓÃHoweverÀ´Òýµ¼²»×ã£...)¿Æ¼¼ÂÛÎÄÓ¢ÎÄÕªÒªµÄ׫дժҪµÄ¶¨ÒåΪ£º¡°ÒÔÌṩÎÄÏ×ÄÚÈݹ£¸ÅΪĿµÄ, ²»¼ÓÆÀÂۺͲ¹³ä½âÊÍ, ¼òÃ÷¡¢È·ÇеؼÇÐðÎÄÏ×ÖØÒªÄÚÈݵĶÌÎÄ¡±¡£ÓÉÓÚ´ó¶àÊý¼ìË÷ϵͳֻÊÕ¼ÂÛÎĵÄÕªÒª²¿·Ö£¬»òÆäÊý¾Ý¿âÖÐÖ»ÓÐÕªÒª²¿·ÖÃâ·ÑÌṩ, ²¢ÇÒÓÐЩ¶ÁÕßÖ»ÔĶÁÕªÒª¶ø²»¶ÁÈ«ÎÄ»ò³£¸ù¾ÝÕªÒªÀ´ÅжÏÊÇ·ñÐèÒªÔĶÁÈ«ÎÄ, Òò´ËÕªÒªµÄÇå³þ±í´ïÊ®·ÖÖØÒª¡£ºÃµÄÓ¢ÎÄÕªÒª¶ÔÓÚÔö¼ÓÂÛÎĵı»¼ìË÷ºÍÒýÓûú»á¡¢ÎüÒý¶ÁÕß¡¢À©´óÓ°ÏìÆð×Ų»¿ÉºöÊÓµÄ×÷Óá£
1 ÕªÒªµÄÀàÐÍÓë»ù±¾ÄÚÈÝ
1.1 ÕªÒªµÄÀàÐÍ

¸ù¾ÝÄÚÈݵIJ»Í¬, ÕªÒª¿É·ÖΪÒÔÏÂÈý´óÀࣺ±¨µÀÐÔÕªÒª¡¢Ö¸Ê¾ÐÔÕªÒªºÍ±¨µÀ-ָʾÐÔÕªÒª¡£

£¨1£©±¨µÀÐÔÕªÒª(informative abstract)£ºÒ²³ÆÐÅÏ¢ÐÍÕªÒª»ò×ÊÁÏÐÔÕªÒª¡£ÆäÌصãÊÇÈ«Ãæ¡¢¼òÒªµØ¸ÅÀ¨ÂÛÎĵÄÄ¿µÄ¡¢·½·¨¡¢Ö÷ÒªÊý¾ÝºÍ½áÂÛ¡£Í¨³£, ÕâÖÖÕªÒª¿É²¿·ÖµØÈ¡´úÔĶÁÈ«ÎÄ¡£

£¨2£©Ö¸Ê¾ÐÔÕªÒª (indicative abstract)£ºÒ²³ÆΪ˵Ã÷ÐÔÕªÒª¡¢ÃèÊöÐÔÕªÒª£¨descriptive abstract£©»òÂÛµãÕªÒª£¨topic abstract£©¡£Ò»°ãÖ»Óöþ¡¢Èý¾ä»°¸ÅÀ¨ÂÛÎĵÄÖ÷Ìâ, ¶ø²»Éæ¼°Â۾ݺͽáÂÛ, ¶àÓÃÓÚ×ÛÊö¡¢»áÒ鱨¸æµÈ¡£´ËÀàÕªÒª¿ÉÓÃÓÚ°ïÖú¶ÁÕß¾ö¶¨ÊÇ·ñÐèÒªÔĶÁÈ«ÎÄ¡£

£¨3£©±¨µÀ-ָʾÐÔÕªÒª(informative-indicative abstract)£ºÒÔ±¨µÀÐÔÕªÒªµÄÐÎʽ±íÊöÒ»´ÎÎÄÏ×ÖÐÐÅÏ¢¼ÛÖµ½Ï¸ßµÄ²¿·Ö, ÒÔָʾÐÔÕªÒªµÄÐÎʽ±íÊöÆäÓಿ·Ö¡£
´«Í³µÄÕªÒª¶àΪһ¶Îʽ, ÔÚÄÚÈÝÉÏ´óÖ°üÀ¨ÒýÑÔ(Introduction)¡¢²ÄÁÏÓë·½·¨(Materials and Methods)¡¢½á¹û(Results)ºÍÌÖÂÛ(Discussion)µÈÖ÷Òª·½Ãæ, ¼´IMRAD£¨Introduction, Methods, Results and Discussion£©½á¹¹µÄд×÷ģʽ¡£
1980Äê´ú³öÏÖÁËÁíÒ»ÖÖÕªÒªÎÄÌå, ¼´¡°½á¹¹Ê½ÕªÒª¡±(structured abstract), ËüÊDZ¨µÀÐÔÕªÒªµÄ½á¹¹»¯±í´ï£¬Ç¿µ÷ÂÛÎÄÕªÒªÓ¦º¬Óн϶àµÄÐÅÏ¢Á¿¡£½á¹¹Ê½ÕªÒªÓ봫ͳժҪµÄ²î±ðÔÚÓÚ£¬Ç°Õß±ãÓÚ¶ÁÕßÁ˽âÂÛÎĵÄÄÚÈÝ, ÐÐÎÄÖÐÓÃÐÑÄ¿µÄ×ÖÌ壨ºÚÌ塢ȫ²¿´óд»òбÌåµÈ£©Ö±½Ó±ê³öÄ¿µÄ¡¢·½·¨¡¢½á¹ûºÍ½áÂ۵ȱêÌâ¡£
1.2ÕªÒªµÄ»ù±¾½á¹¹ºÍÄÚÈÝ

ÕªÒª±¾ÖÊÉÏÊÇһƪ¸ß¶ÈŨËõµÄÂÛÎÄ, ËùÒÔÆä¹¹³ÉÓëÂÛÎÄÖ÷ÌåµÄIMRAD½á¹¹ÊǶÔÓ¦µÄ¡£ÕªÒªÓ¦°üÀ¨ÒÔÏÂÄÚÈݹ£¸Å£º£¨1£©Ä¿µÄ£ºÑо¿¹¤×÷µÄÇ°ÌᡢĿµÄºÍÈÎÎñ, ËùÉæ¼°µÄÖ÷ÌⷶΧ£»£¨2£©·½·¨£ºËùÓõÄÀíÂÛ¡¢Ìõ¼þ¡¢²ÄÁÏ¡¢ÊֶΡ¢×°±¸¡¢³ÌÐòµÈ£»£¨3£©½á¹û£º¹Û²ì¡¢ÊµÑéµÄ½á¹û¡¢ Êý¾Ý¡¢ÐÔÄܵȣ»£¨4£©½á¹ûµÄ·ÖÎö¡¢±È½Ï¡¢ÆÀ¼Û¡¢Ó¦ÓÃ, Ìá³öµÄÎÊÌâ, ½ñºóµÄ¿ÎÌâ, ¼ÙÉè¡¢Æô·¢¡¢½¨Òé¡¢Ô¤²âµÈ£»£¨5£©ÆäËü£º²»ÊôÓÚÑо¿¡¢ÑÐÖÆ¡¢µ÷²éµÄÖ÷ҪĿµÄ, µ«¾ßÓÐÖØÒªµÄÐÅÏ¢¼ÛÖµ¡£
Ò»°ãµØ˵, ±¨µÀÐÔÕªÒªÖУ¨2£©¡¢£¨3£©¡¢£¨4£©Ó¦Ïà¶ÔÏêϸ, £¨1£©ºÍ£¨5£©ÔòÏà¶Ô¼òÂÔ¡£Ö¸Ê¾ÐÔÕªÒªÔòÏà·´¡£
½á¹¹Ê½ÕªÒªÓ봫ͳһ¶ÎʽժҪµÄÇø±ðÔÚÓÚ£¬Æä·ÖÏî¾ßÌå, ¿Éʹ¶ÁÕ߸ü·½±ã¡¢¿ìËÙµØÁ˽âÂÛÎĵĸ÷ÏîÄÚÈÝ¡£Í³¼Æ±íÃ÷, MEDLINE¼ìË÷ϵͳËùÊÕ¼µÄÉúÎïҽѧÆÚ¿¯Ä¿Ç°ÒÑÓÐ60%ÒÔÉϲÉÓÃÁ˽ṹʽժҪ¡£ÎÒ¹úÓÐЩҽѧÀàÆÚ¿¯ÔÚ20ÊÀ¼Í90Äê´ú³õ¿ªÊ¼²ÉÓýṹʽժҪ, ²¢¶ÔÆäʹÓÃЧ¹ûºÍ½øÒ»²½ÓÅ»¯½øÐÐÁ˽ÏΪÉîÈëµÄ̽ÌÖ¡£
½á¹¹Ê½ÕªÒªµÄ¹¹¼Ü¼°¼òҪ˵Ã÷ (1)Ä¿µÄ(Objective)£ºÑо¿µÄÎÊÌ⡢ĿµÄ»òÉèÏëµÈ£»( 2)Éè¼Æ(Design)£ºÑо¿µÄ»ù±¾Éè¼Æ, Ñù±¾µÄÑ¡Ôñ¡¢·Ö×é¡¢Õï¶Ï±ê×¼ºÍËæ·ÃÇé¿öµÈ£» (3)µ¥Î»(Setting)£ºËµÃ÷¿ªÕ¹Ñо¿µÄµ¥Î»£¨ÊÇÑо¿»ú¹¹¡¢´óרԺУ, »¹ÊÇÒ½ÁÆ»ú¹¹£©£» (4)¶ÔÏó(Patients, Participants)£ºÑо¿¶ÔÏ󣨻¼Õߵȣ©µÄÊýÄ¿¡¢Ñ¡Ôñ¹ý³ÌºÍÌõ¼þµÈ£» (5)´¦ÖÃ(Interventions)£º´¦Ö÷½·¨µÄ»ù±¾ÌØÕ÷, ʹÓúÎÖÖ·½·¨ÒÔ¼°³ÖÐøµÄʱ¼äµÈ£»( 6)Ö÷Òª½á¹û²â¶¨(Main Outcome Measures)£ºÖ÷Òª½á¹ûÊÇÈçºÎ²â¶¨¡¢Íê³ÉµÄ£» (7)½á¹û(Results)£ºÑо¿µÄÖ÷Òª·¢ÏÖ£¨Ó¦¸ø³öÈ·ÇеÄÖÃÐŶȺÍͳ¼ÆѧÏÔÖøÐÔ¼ìÑéÖµ£©£» (8)½áÂÛ(Conclusions)£ºÖ÷Òª½áÂÛ¼°ÆäDZÔÚµÄÁÙ´²Ó¦Óá£
ʵ¼ÊÉÏ, 8¸ö²ã´Î±È½ÏÊʺÏÓÚÁÙ´²Ò½Ñ§ÀàԭʼÂÛÎÄ(Original Article)¡£¶ÔÓÚ×ÛÊöÀàÂÛÎÄ,Æä½á¹¹Ê½ÕªÒªÓ¦°üÀ¨ÒÔÏÂ6¸ö·½Ã棺(1) Ä¿µÄ(Objective), (2) ×ÊÁÏÀ´Ô´(Data Sources), (3) ×ÊÁÏÑ¡Ôñ(Study Selection), (4) Êý¾ÝÌáÁ¶(Data Extraction), (5) ×ÊÁÏ×ÛºÏ(Data Synthesis), (6) ½áÂÛ(Conclusions)¡£
Ϊ½Úʡƪ·ù, ÓÐЩÆÚ¿¯ÔÚʹÓÃÖжÔÉÏÊö½á¹¹Ê½ÕªÒª½øÐÐÁËÊʵ±¼ò»¯, Èç¡°New England Journal of Medicine¡±²ÉÓñ³¾°(Background)¡¢·½·¨(Methods)¡¢½á¹û(Results)¡¢½áÂÛ(Conclusions)µÈ4¸ö·½Ã棻¡°The Lancet¡±Ôò²ÉÓñ³¾°(Background)¡¢·½·¨(Methods)¡¢·¢ÏÖ(Findings)ºÍ½âÊÍ(Interpretation) µÈ4¸ö·½Ãæ¡£
JAMA (The Journal of the American Medical Association)ÊDzÉÓýṹʽժҪȫ²¿ÏîÄ¿µÄΪÊý²»¶àµÄÆÚ¿¯Ö®Ò», ÆäԭʼÐÔÂÛÎĵÄÕªÒªÐë°üÀ¨9Ïî(Context, Objective, Design, Setting, Patients, Interventions, Main Outcome Measures, Results, Conclusion), µ«×÷Õ߿ɸù¾ÝÐèÒª½«Ïà¹ØÏîÄ¿ºÏ²¢¡£
Ó봫ͳժҪ±È½Ï, ½á¹¹Ê½ÕªÒªµÄ³¤´¦ÊÇÒ×ÓÚд×÷£¨×÷Õß¿É°´²ã´ÎÌîÈëÄÚÈÝ£©ºÍ·½±ãÔĶÁ£¨Âß¼­×ÔÈ»¡¢ÄÚÈÝÍ»³ö£©£¬±í´ïÒ²¸üΪ׼ȷ¡¢¾ßÌå¡¢ÍêÕû¡£
Ó¦¸Ã˵, ÎÞÂÛÊÇ´«Í³µÄÒ»¶ÎʽժҪ, »¹ÊǽṹʽժҪ, ʵ¼ÊÉ϶¼ÊÇ°´Âß¼­´ÎÐò·¢Õ¹¶øÀ´, ûÓÐÍÑÀëIMRADµÄ·¶³ë.

2 ժҪ׫д¼¼ÇÉ
2.1 ժҪ׫дµÄÒ»°ã¼¼ÇÉ

Ϊȷ±£ÕªÒªµÄ¡°¶ÀÁ¢ÐÔ¡±(stand on its own)»ò¡°×ÔÃ÷ÐÔ¡±(self-contained), ׫дÖÐÓ¦×ñÑ­ÒÔϹæÔò£º£¨1£©ÎªÈ·±£¼ò½à¶ø³ä·ÖµØ±íÊöÂÛÎĵÄIMRD, ¿ÉÊʵ±Ç¿µ÷Ñо¿ÖеĴ´Ð¡¢ÖØÒªÖ®´¦(µ«²»ÒªÊ¹ÓÃÆÀ¼ÛÐÔÓïÑÔ)£»¾¡Á¿°üÀ¨ÂÛÎÄÖеÄÖ÷ÒªÂÛµãºÍÖØҪϸ½Ú£¨ÖØÒªµÄÂÛÖ¤»òÊý¾Ý£©¡££¨2£©Ê¹Óüò¶ÌµÄ¾ä×Ó, ±í´ïҪ׼ȷ¡¢¼ò½à¡¢Çå³þ£»×¢Òâ±íÊöµÄÂß¼­ÐÔ, ¾¡Á¿Ê¹ÓÃָʾÐÔ´ÊÓï±í´ïÂÛÎĵIJ»Í¬²¿·Ö£¨²ã´Î£©¡£ ÈçʹÓá°We found that¡­¡±±íʾ½á¹û£¬Ê¹Óá°We suggest that¡­¡±±íʾÌÖÂÛ½á¹ûµÄº¬ÒåµÈ¡££¨3£©Ó¦¾¡Á¿±ÜÃâÒýÓÃÎÄÏס¢Í¼±í, ÓôÊӦΪ¶ÁÕßËùÊìϤ¡£ÈôÎÞ·¨»Ø±ÜʹÓÃÒýÎÄ, Ó¦ÔÚÒýÎijöÏÖµÄλÖý«ÒýÎĵÄÊéÄ¿ÐÅÏ¢±ê×¢ÔÚ·½À¨ºÅÄÚ£»ÈçÈ·ÓÐÐèÒª£¨Èç±ÜÃâ¶à´ÎÖظ´½Ï³¤µÄÊõÓʹÓ÷ÇͬÐÐÊìÖªµÄËõд, Ó¦ÔÚËõд·ûºÅµÚÒ»´Î³öÏÖʱ¸ø³öÆäÈ«³Æ¡££¨4£©Îª·½±ã¼ìË÷ϵͳת¼, Ó¦¾¡Á¿±ÜÃâʹÓû¯Ñ§½á¹¹Ê½¡¢Êýѧ±í´ïʽ¡¢½Ç±êºÍÏ£À°ÎĵÈÌØÊâ·ûºÅ¡££¨5£©²éѯÄâͶ¸åÆÚ¿¯µÄ¶ÁÕßÐëÖª, ÒÔÁ˽âÆä¶ÔÕªÒªµÄ×ÖÊýºÍÐÎʽµÄÒªÇó¡£Èç¹ûÊǽṹʽժҪ, Ó¦Á˽âÆä·ÖΪ¼¸¶Î£¬Ê¹ÓúÎÖÖ±êʶ£¬Ê¹ÓúÎÖÖʱ̬£¬ÊÇ·ñʹÓÃËõд»ò¼òд£¬µÈ¡£
2.2 ժҪд×÷µÄʱ̬

ÕªÒªËù²ÉÓõÄʱ̬ӦÒòÇé¿ö¶ø¶¨,Á¦Çó±í´ï×ÔÈ»¡¢Í×µ±¡£Ð´×÷ÖпɴóÖÂ×ñÑ­ÒÔÏÂÔ­Ôò¡£
2.2.1 ½éÉܱ³¾°×ÊÁÏ

Èç¹û¾ä×ÓµÄÄÚÈÝÊDz»ÊÜʱ¼äÓ°ÏìµÄÆÕ±éÊÂʵ, ӦʹÓÃÏÖÔÚʽ£»Èç¹û¾ä×ÓµÄÄÚÈÝÊǶÔijÖÖÑо¿Ç÷ÊƵĸÅÊö, ÔòʹÓÃÏÖÔÚÍê³Éʽ¡£ È磺
The authors review risk and protective factors for drug abuse, assess a number of approaches for drug abuse prevention potential with high-risk groups, and make recommendations for research and practice.
Previous research has confirmed four dimensions of temperament: ¡­.

2.2.2 ÐðÊöÑо¿Ä¿µÄ»òÖ÷ÒªÑо¿»î¶¯

Èç²ÉÓá°ÂÛÎĵ¼Ïò¡±, ¶àʹÓÃÏÖÔÚʽ£¨È磺This paper presents¡­£©; Èç²ÉÓá°Ñо¿µ¼Ïò¡±, ÔòʹÓùýȥʽ£¨È磺This study investigated¡­£©.
This article summarizes research on self-initiated and professionally facilitated change of addictive behaviors using the key transtheoretical constructs of stages and processes of change.

We investigated whether captopril could reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after a myocardial infarction.

2.2.3 ¸ÅÊöʵÑé³ÌÐò¡¢·½·¨ºÍÖ÷Òª½á¹û ͨ³£ÓÃÏÖÔÚʽ¡£
We describe a new molecular approach to analyzing the genetic diversity of complex microbial populations.

Our results indicate that p21 may be a universal inhibitor of cyclin kinases.
2.2.4 ÐðÊö½áÂÛ»ò½¨Òé

¿ÉʹÓÃÏÖÔÚʽ¡¢Òܲ⶯´Ê»òmay, should, couldµÈÖú¶¯´Ê¡£
We suggest that climate instability in the early part of the last interglacial may have delayed the melting of the Saalean ice sheets in America and Eurasia, perhaps accounting for this discrepancy.

2.2 ժҪд×÷µÄÈ˳ƺÍÓï̬

ÓÐÏ൱ÊýÁ¿µÄ×÷ÕߺÍÉó¸åÈËÈÏΪ, ¿Æ¼¼ÂÛÎĵÄ׫дӦʹÓõÚÈýÈ˳ơ¢¹ýȥʱºÍ±»¶¯Óï̬¡£µ«µ÷²é±íÃ÷, ¿Æ¼¼ÂÛÎÄÖỶ¯Óï̬µÄʹÓÃÔÚ1920 - 1970ÄêÔø±È½ÏÁ÷ÐÐ, µ«ÓÉÓÚÖ÷¶¯Óï̬µÄ±í´ï¸üΪ׼ȷ, ÇÒ¸üÒ×ÔĶÁ, Òò¶øÄ¿Ç°´ó¶àÊýÆÚ¿¯¶¼ÌᳫʹÓÃÖ÷¶¯Ì¬¡£¹ú¼ÊÖªÃû¿Æ¼¼ÆÚ¿¯¡°Nature¡±, ¡°Cell¡±µÈÓÈÆäÈç´Ë, ÆäÖеÚÒ»È˳ƺÍÖ÷¶¯Óï̬µÄʹÓÃÊ®·ÖÆձ顣
ΪÁ˽âרҵÆÚ¿¯¶Ôд×÷·ç¸ñµÄ¹æ¶¨, ÓÐÈËËæ»ú³é²éÁË500·ÝҽѧºÍÉúÎïѧӢÎÄÆÚ¿¯µÄ¡°¶ÁÕßÐëÖª¡±¡£Í³¼Æ±íÃ÷, 82%µÄÆÚ¿¯Ã»ÓÐÎÄ·ç·½ÃæµÄ¹æ¶¨¡£

¿É¼û, Ϊ¼ò½à¡¢Çå³þµØ±í´ïÑо¿³É¹û, ÔÚÂÛÎÄÕªÒªµÄ׫дÖв»Ó¦¿ÌÒâ»Ø±ÜµÚÒ»È˳ƺÍÖ÷¶¯Óï̬¡£
3 ÕªÒªµÄ³£Óñí´ï·½·¨
ÓÉÓÚÕªÒªµÄÓ¢Îıí´ïÒªÇóÓôʼòÃ÷¡¢²ã´ÎÇå³þ, Òò´ËÕÆÎÕһЩÌض¨µÄ¹æ·¶±í´ï, ÉõÖÁ½¨Á¢Ò»¸öÊʺÏ×Ô¼ºÐèÒªµÄ¡°¾äÐͿ⡱(stock phrases), ¶ÔÓÚÕªÒªµÄ׫дÊǺÜÓаïÖúµÄ¡£±¾ÎÄËùÑ¡È¡µÄÀý¾ä¾ùÔ´ÓÚSCIÊÕ¼µÄ1992 - 2002Äê¼ä·¢±í¡¢²¢¾ß½Ï¸ß±»ÒýƵ´ÎµÄÂÛÎÄ£¨Ç°100λ£©ÕªÒª£¨Ñ¡È¡Àý¾äʱƫÖØÓÚµÚÒ»È˳ƺÍÖ÷¶¯Óï̬£©¡£
3.1 ÒýÑÔ²¿·Ö
3.1.1 »Ø¹ËÑо¿±³¾° ³£ÓôʻãÓУºreview, summarize, present, outline, describeµÈ¡£ È磺We review evidence for this view of addiction and discuss its implications for understanding the psychology and neurobiology of addiction.
This paper outlines some of the basic methods and strategies and discusses some related theoretical and practical issues.

3.1.2 ²ûÃ÷д×÷»òÑо¿Ä¿ ³£ÓôʻãÓУºpurpose, attempt, aimµÈ¡£ÁíÍ⻹¿ÉÒÔÓö¯´Ê²»¶¨Ê½³äµ±Ä¿µÄ×´ÓïÀ´±í´ï¡£È磺
We attempt to recover a function of unknown smoothness from noisy sampled data.

To investigate the mechanism of Bcl-2's effect, we examined whether Bcl-2 interacted with other proteins.

3.1.3 ½éÉÜÂÛÎĵÄÖصãÄÚÈÝ»òÑо¿·¶Î§ ³£ÓõĴʻãÓУºstudy, present, include, focus, emphasize, emphasis, attentionµÈ¡£
Here we study the dependence of apoptosis on p53 expression in cells from the thymus cortex.

This article includes a brief review of the physics underlying HERWIG, followed by a description of the program itself.

3.2 ·½·¨²¿·Ö
3.2.1 ½éÉÜÑо¿»òÊÔÑé¹ý³Ì ³£ÓôʻãÓУºtest, study, investigate, examine, experiment, discuss, consider, analyze, analysisµÈ¡£
We use N-body simulations to investigate the structure of dark halos in the standard cold dark matter cosmogony.

We present an analysis of atmospheric neutrino data from a 33. 0 kton yr (535-day) exposure of the Super-Kamiokande detector.

3.2.2 ˵Ã÷Ñо¿»òÊÔÑé·½·¨ ³£ÓôʻãÓУºmeasure, estimate, calculateµÈ¡£
We have developed a global model to estimate emissions of volatile organic compounds from natural sources (NVOC).

This study presents estimates of lifetime and 12-month prevalence of 14 DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders from the National Comorbidity Survey, ¡­
3.2.3 ½éÉÜÓ¦Óá¢ÓÃ; ³£ÓôʻãÓУºuse, apply, applicationµÈ¡£
Our program uses a maximum likelihood approach and is based on version 3. 3 of Felsenstein's dnaml program.

As an application, we implement a compact image coding algorithm that selects important edges and compresses the image data by factors over 30.

3.3 ½á¹û²¿·Ö
3.3.1 չʾÑо¿½á¹û ³£ÓôʻãÓУºshow, result, presentµÈ¡£
We show this cell death to be dependent upon expression of c-myc protein and to occur by apoptosis.
Our results suggest a widespread role for the nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate system in the nervous system.

3.3.2 ½éÉܽáÂÛ ³£ÓôʻãÓУºsummary, introduce, concludeµÈ¡£
We introduce a procedure, SureShrink, that suppresses noise by thresholding the empirical wavelet coefficients.

By means of informal mathematical arguments, simulations and a series of worked examples, we conclude that PQL is of practical value for approximate inference on parameters and realizations of random effects in the hierarchical model.

3.4 ÌÖÂÛ²¿·Ö
3.4.1 ³ÂÊöÂÛÎĵÄÂÛµãºÍ×÷ÕߵĹ۵㠳£ÓôʻãÓУºsuggest, report, present, explain, expect, describeµÈ¡£
The results suggest that abnormalities in male sex development induced by p, p'-DDE and related environmental chemicals may be mediated at the level of the androgen receptor.
In this study, we describe a psychobiological model of the structure and development of personality that accounts for dimensions of both temperament and character.
3.4.2 ²ûÃ÷ÂÛÖ¤ ³£ÓôʻãÓУºsupport, provide, indicate, identify, find, demonstrate, confirm, clarifyµÈ¡£
We showed that it is possible to identify constituents which represent only 1% of the total population.

These results demonstrate that p53 is required for radiation-induced cell death in the thymus but is not necessary for all forms of apoptosis.

3.4.3 ÍƼöºÍ½¨Òé ³£ÓôʻãÓУºsuggest, suggestion, recommend, recommendation, propose, necessity, necessary, expectµÈ¡£
The authors suggest that the most promising route to effective strategies for the prevention of adolescent alcohol and other drug problems is through a risk-focused approach.
We propose two algorithms to estimate the significance level for a test of HWP.

4 ½áÂÛ
ÂÛÎÄÕªÒªµÄ׫дӦ³ä·Ö¿¼ÂÇÂÛÎĵÄÖ÷ÒªÄÚÈÝ, ¹ÊӦʹÓüò½àµÄÎÄ×Ö½«ÂÛÎĵľ«»ª¸ß¶ÈµØ¸ÅÀ¨³öÀ´¡£ÕªÒªµÄÄÚÈÝÓ¦´óÖ°üÀ¨IMRAD½á¹¹µÄÂÛÎÄд×÷ģʽ.
д×÷ʱҪ¾¡Á¿Ê¹ÓõÚÒ»È˳ƺÍÖ÷¶¯Óï̬, ¶Ôʱ̬µÄÑ¡ÔñÓ¦¸ù¾Ý±í´ïµÄÐèÒªÁé»îÔËÓá£
´ËÍâ, »¹Ó¦¸ù¾ÝÂÛÎĵÄÄÚÈݺͱí´ïµÄÐèҪѡÔñºÏÊʵÄÕªÒªÀàÐÍ£¨±¨µÀÐÔÕªÒª¡¢Ö¸Ê¾ÐÔÕªÒª¡¢±¨µÀ-ָʾÐÔÕªÒª£©, ÊÇ·ñ²ÉÓýṹʽժҪÐèÊÓÏàÓ¦ÆÚ¿¯µÄÒªÇó¶ø¶¨¡£

5 ²Î¿¼ÎÄÏ×
http://essentialscience.com/£¨ÈÎʤÀû, ¹ú¼Ò×ÔÈ»¿Æѧ»ù½ðίԱ»á¿Æѧ»ù½ðÔÓÖ¾É磬rensl@mail.nsfc.gov.cn
[Ó¡ÏóÅÉ (2-8 16:39, Long long ago)] [ ´«Í³°æ | sForum ][µÇ¼ºó»Ø¸´]10Â¥

(ÒýÓà ӡÏóÅÉ:ÉúÎïÊÔÑé¼¼Êõ)¹ØÓÚPCR¼¼Êõ backgroundPCR¼¼Êõ¸ÅÂÛ

¾ÛºÏøÁ´·´Ó¦(Polymerase Chain Reaction ,PCR)ÊÇ80Äê´úÖÐÆÚ·¢Õ¹ÆðÀ´µÄÌåÍâºËËáÀ©Ôö¼¼Êõ¡£Ëü¾ßÓÐÌØÒì¡¢Ãô¸Ð¡¢²úÂʸߡ¢¿ìËÙ¡¢¼ò±ã¡¢Öظ´ÐԺá¢Ò××Ô¶¯»¯µÈÍ»³öÓŵ㣻ÄÜÔÚÒ»¸öÊÔ¹ÜÄÚ½«ËùÒªÑо¿µÄÄ¿µÄ»ùÒò»òijһDNAƬ¶ÎÓÚÊýСʱÄÚÀ©ÔöÖÁÊ®ÍòÄËÖÁ°ÙÍò±¶,ʹÈâÑÛÄÜÖ±½Ó¹Û²ìºÍÅжϣ»¿É´ÓÒ»¸ùë·¢¡¢Ò»µÎѪ¡¢ÉõÖÁÒ»¸öϸ°ûÖÐÀ©Ôö³ö×ãÁ¿µÄDNA¹©·ÖÎöÑо¿ºÍ¼ì²â¼ø¶¨¡£¹ýÈ¥¼¸Ì켸ÐÇÆÚ²ÅÄÜ×öµ½µÄÊÂÇ飬ÓÃPCR¼¸Ð¡Ê±±ã¿ÉÍê³É¡£PCR¼¼ÊõÊÇÉúÎïҽѧÁìÓò ÖеÄÒ»Ïî¸ïÃüÐÔ´´¾ÙºÍÀï³Ì±®¡£

PCR¼¼Êõ¼òÊ·

PCRµÄ×îÔçÉèÏë ºËËáÑо¿ÒÑÓÐ100¶àÄêµÄÀúÊ·£¬±¾ÊÀ¼Í60Äê´úÄ©¡¢70Äê´ú³õÈËÃÇÖÂÁ¦ÓÚÑо¿»ùÒòµÄÌåÍâ·ÖÀë¼¼Êõ£¬KoranaÓÚ1971Äê×îÔçÌá³öºËËáÌåÍâÀ©ÔöµÄÉèÏ룺¡°¾­¹ýDNA±äÐÔ£¬ÓëºÏÊʵÄÒýÎïÔÓ½»£¬ÓÃDNA¾ÛºÏøÑÓÉìÒýÎ²¢²»¶ÏÖظ´¸Ã¹ý³Ì±ã¿É¿Ë¡tRNA»ùÒò¡±¡£

PCRµÄʵÏÖ 1985ÄêÃÀ¹úPE-Cetus¹«Ë¾ÈËÀàÒÅ´«Ñо¿ÊÒµÄMullisµÈ·¢Ã÷Á˾ßÓл®Ê±´úÒâÒåµÄ¾ÛºÏøÁ´·´Ó¦¡£ÆäÔ­ÀíÀàËÆÓÚDNAµÄÌåÄÚ¸´ÖÆ£¬Ö»ÊÇÔÚÊÔ¹ÜÖиøDNAµÄÌåÍâºÏ³ÉÌṩÒÔÖÂÒ»ÖÖºÏÊʵÄÌõ¼þ---Ãþ°åDNA£¬¹ÑºËÜÕËáÒýÎDNA¾ÛºÏø£¬ºÏÊʵĻº³åÌåϵ£¬DNA±äÐÔ¡¢¸´ÐÔ¼°ÑÓÉìµÄζÈÓëʱ¼ä¡£

PCRµÄ¸Ä½øÓëÍêÉÆ¡¡Mullis×î³õʹÓõÄDNA¾ÛºÏøÊǴ󳦸˾úDNA¾ÛºÏøIµÄKlenowƬ¶Î£¬ÆäȱµãÊÇ£º¢ÙKlenowø²»Ä͸ßΣ¬90¡æ»á±äÐÔʧ»î£¬Ã¿´ÎÑ­»·¶¼ÒªÖØмӡ£¢ÚÒýÎïÁ´ÑÓÉì·´Ó¦ÔÚ37¡æϽøÐУ¬ÈÝÒ×·¢ÉúÄ£°åºÍÒýÎïÖ®¼äµÄ¼î»ù´íÅ䣬ÆäPCR²úÎïÌØÒìÐԽϲºÏ³ÉµÄDNAƬ¶Î²»¾ùÒ»¡£´ËÖÖÒÔKlenowø´ß»¯µÄPCR¼¼ÊõËä½Ï´«Í³µÄ»ùÒòÀ©Ôö¾ß±¸Ðí¶àÍ»³öµÄÓŵ㣬µ«ÓÉÓÚKlenowø²»ÄÍÈÈ£¬ÔÚDNAÄ£°å½øÐÐÈȱäÐÔʱ£¬»áµ¼Ö´Ëø¶Û»¯£¬Ã¿¼ÓÈëÒ»´ÎøֻÄÜÍê³ÉÒ»¸öÀ©Ôö·´Ó¦ÖÜÆÚ£¬¸øPCR¼¼Êõ²Ù×÷³ÌÐòÌíÁ˲»ÉÙÀ§ÄÑ¡£ÕâʹµÃPCR¼¼ÊõÔÚÒ»¶Îʱ¼äÄÚûÄÜÒýÆðÉúÎïҽѧ½çµÄ×ã¹»ÖØÊÓ¡£1988Äê³õ£¬Keohanog¸ÄÓÃT4 DNA¾ÛºÏø½øÐÐPCR£¬ÆäÀ©ÔöµÄDNAƬ¶ÎºÜ¾ùÒ»£¬ÕæʵÐÔÒ²½Ï¸ß£¬Ö»ÓÐËùÆÚÍûµÄÒ»ÖÖDNAƬ¶Î¡£µ«Ã¿Ñ­»·Ò»´Î£¬ÈÔÐè¼ÓÈëÐÂø¡£1988ÄêSaiki µÈ´ÓÎÂȪÖзÖÀëµÄÒ»ÖêË®ÉúÊÈÈȸ˾ú(thermus aquaticus) ÖÐÌáÈ¡µ½Ò»ÖÖÄÍÈÈDNA¾ÛºÏø¡£´Ëø¾ßÓÐÒÔÏÂÌص㣺¢ÙÄ͸ßΣ¬ÔÚ70¡æÏ·´Ó¦2hºóÆä²ÐÁô»îÐÔ´óÓÚÔ­À´µÄ90%£¬ÔÚ93¡æÏ·´Ó¦2hºóÆä²ÐÁô»îÐÔÊÇÔ­À´µÄ60%£¬ÔÚ95¡æÏ·´Ó¦2hºóÆä²ÐÁô»îÐÔÊÇÔ­À´µÄ40%¡£¢ÚÔÚÈȱäÐÔʱ²»»á±»¶Û»¯£¬²»±ØÔÚÿ´ÎÀ©Ôö·´Ó¦ºóÔÙ¼ÓÐÂø¡£¢Û´ó´óÌá¸ßÁËÀ©ÔöƬ¶ÎÌØÒìÐÔºÍÀ©ÔöЧÂÊ£¬Ôö¼ÓÁËÀ©Ôö³¤¶È(2.0Kb)¡£ÓÉÓÚÌá¸ßÁËÀ©ÔöµÄÌØÒìÐÔºÍЧÂÊ£¬Òò¶øÆäÁéÃôÐÔÒ²´ó´óÌá¸ß¡£ÎªÓë´ó³¦¸Ë¾ú¶à¾ÛøI KlenowƬ¶ÎÇø±ð£¬½«´ËøÃüÃûΪTaq DNA¶à¾Ûø(Taq DNA Polymerase)¡£´ËøµÄ·¢ÏÖʹPCR¹ã·ºµÄ±»Ó¦Óá£

PCR¼¼Êõ»ù±¾Ô­Àí

PCR¼¼ÊõµÄ»ù±¾Ô­Àí¡¡ÀàËÆÓÚDNAµÄÌìÈ»¸´Öƹý³Ì£¬ÆäÌØÒìÐÔÒÀÀµÓÚÓë°ÐÐòÁÐÁ½¶Ë»¥²¹µÄ¹ÑºËÜÕËáÒýÎï¡£PCRÓɱäÐÔ--ÍË»ð--ÑÓÉìÈý¸ö»ù±¾·´Ó¦²½Öè¹¹³É£º¢ÙÄ£°åDNAµÄ±äÐÔ£ºÄ£°åDNA¾­¼ÓÈÈÖÁ93¡æ×óÓÒÒ»¶¨Ê±¼äºó£¬Ê¹Ä£°åDNAË«Á´»ò¾­PCRÀ©ÔöÐγɵÄË«Á´DNA½âÀ룬ʹ֮³ÉΪµ¥Á´£¬ÒÔ±ãËüÓëÒýÎï½áºÏ£¬ÎªÏÂÂÖ·´Ó¦×÷×¼±¸£»¢ÚÄ£°åDNAÓëÒýÎïµÄÍË»ð(¸´ÐÔ)£ºÄ£°åDNA¾­¼ÓÈȱäÐԳɵ¥Á´ºó£¬Î¶ȽµÖÁ55¡æ×óÓÒ£¬ÒýÎïÓëÄ£°åDNAµ¥Á´µÄ»¥²¹ÐòÁÐÅä¶Ô½áºÏ£»¢ÛÒýÎïµÄÑÓÉ죺DNAÄ£°å--ÒýÎï½áºÏÎïÔÚTaqDNA¾ÛºÏøµÄ×÷ÓÃÏ£¬ÒÔdNTPΪ·´Ó¦Ô­ÁÏ£¬°ÐÐòÁÐΪģ°å£¬°´¼î»ùÅä¶ÔÓë°ë±£Áô¸´ÖÆÔ­Àí£¬ºÏ³ÉÒ»ÌõеÄÓëÄ£°åDNA Á´»¥²¹µÄ°ë±£Áô¸´ÖÆÁ´Öظ´Ñ­»·±äÐÔ--ÍË»ð--ÑÓÉìÈý¹ý³Ì£¬¾Í¿É»ñµÃ¸ü¶àµÄ¡°°ë±£Áô¸´ÖÆÁ´¡±£¬¶øÇÒÕâÖÖÐÂÁ´ÓֿɳÉΪÏ´ÎÑ­»·µÄÄ£°å¡£Ã¿Íê³ÉÒ»¸öÑ­»·Ðè2¡«4·ÖÖÓ£¬2¡«3Сʱ¾ÍÄܽ«´ýÀ©Ä¿µÄ»ùÒòÀ©Ôö·Å´ó¼¸°ÙÍò±¶¡£µ½´ïƽ̨ÆÚ(Plateau)ËùÐèÑ­»·´ÎÊýÈ¡¾öÓÚÑùÆ·ÖÐÄ£°åµÄ¿½±´¡£

PCRµÄ·´Ó¦¶¯Á¦Ñ§¡¡ PCRµÄÈý¸ö·´Ó¦²½Öè·´¸´½øÐУ¬Ê¹DNAÀ©ÔöÁ¿³ÊÖ¸ÊýÉÏÉý¡£·´Ó¦×îÖÕµÄDNA À©ÔöÁ¿¿ÉÓÃY£½(1£«X)n¼ÆËã¡£Y´ú±íDNAƬ¶ÎÀ©ÔöºóµÄ¿½±´Êý£¬X±íʾƽ(Y)¾ùÿ´ÎµÄÀ©ÔöЧÂÊ£¬n´ú±íÑ­»·´ÎÊý¡£Æ½¾ùÀ©ÔöЧÂʵÄÀíÂÛֵΪ100%£¬µ«ÔÚʵ¼Ê·´Ó¦ÖÐƽ¾ùЧÂÊ´ï²»µ½ÀíÂÛÖµ¡£·´Ó¦³õÆÚ£¬°ÐÐòÁÐDNAƬ¶ÎµÄÔö¼Ó³ÊÖ¸ÊýÐÎʽ£¬Ëæ×ÅPCR²úÎïµÄÖð½¥»ýÀÛ£¬±»À©ÔöµÄDNAƬ¶Î²»ÔÙ³ÊÖ¸ÊýÔö¼Ó£¬¶ø½øÈëÏßÐÔÔö³¤ÆÚ»ò¾²Ö¹ÆÚ£¬¼´³öÏÖ¡°Í£ÖÍЧӦ¡±£¬ÕâÖÖЧӦ³Æƽ̨ÆÚÊý¡¢PCRÀ©ÔöЧÂʼ°DNA¾ÛºÏøPCRµÄÖÖÀàºÍ»îÐÔ¼°·ÇÌØÒìÐÔ²úÎïµÄ¾¹ÕùµÈÒòËØ¡£´ó¶àÊýÇé¿öÏ£¬Æ½Ì¨Æڵĵ½À´ÊDz»¿É±ÜÃâµÄ¡£

PCRÀ©Ôö²úÎï ¡¡¿É·ÖΪ³¤²úÎïƬ¶ÎºÍ¶Ì²úÎïƬ¶ÎÁ½²¿·Ö¡£¶Ì²úÎïƬ¶ÎµÄ³¤¶ÈÑϸñµØÏÞ¶¨ÔÚÁ½¸öÒýÎïÁ´5'¶ËÖ®¼ä£¬ÊÇÐèÒªÀ©ÔöµÄÌض¨Æ¬¶Î¡£¶Ì²úÎïƬ¶ÎºÍ³¤²úÎïƬ¶ÎÊÇÓÉÓÚÒýÎïËù½áºÏµÄÄ£°å²»Ò»Ñù¶øÐγɵģ¬ÒÔÒ»¸öԭʼģ°åΪÀý£¬ÔÚµÚÒ»¸ö·´Ó¦ÖÜÆÚÖУ¬ÒÔÁ½Ìõ»¥²¹µÄDNAΪģ°å£¬ÒýÎïÊÇ´Ó3'¶Ë¿ªÊ¼ÑÓÉ죬Æä5'¶ËÊǹ̶¨µÄ£¬3'¶ËÔòûÓй̶¨µÄÖ¹µã£¬³¤¶Ì²»Ò»£¬Õâ¾ÍÊÇ¡°³¤²úÎïƬ¶Î¡±¡£½øÈëµÚ¶þÖÜÆÚºó£¬ÒýÎï³ýÓëԭʼģ°å½áºÏÍ⣬»¹ÒªÍ¬ÐºϳɵÄÁ´(¼´¡°³¤²úÎïƬ¶Î¡±)½áºÏ¡£ÒýÎïÔÚÓëÐÂÁ´½áºÏʱ£¬ÓÉÓÚÐÂÁ´Ä£°åµÄ5'¶ËÐòÁÐÊǹ̶¨µÄ£¬Õâ¾ÍµÈÓÚÕâ´ÎÑÓÉìµÄƬ¶Î3'¶Ë±»¹Ì¶¨ÁËÖ¹µã£¬±£Ö¤ÁËÐÂƬ¶ÎµÄÆðµãºÍÖ¹µã¶¼ÏÞ¶¨ÓÚÒýÎïÀ©ÔöÐòÁÐÒÔÄÚ¡¢Ðγɳ¤¶ÌÒ»Öµġ°¶Ì²úÎïƬ¶Î¡±¡£²»ÄÑ¿´³ö¡°¶Ì²úÎïƬ¶Î¡±ÊÇ°´Ö¸Êý±¶ÊýÔö¼Ó£¬¶ø¡°³¤²úÎïƬ¶Î¡±ÔòÒÔËãÊõ±¶ÊýÔö¼Ó£¬¼¸ºõ¿ÉÒÔºöÂÔ²»¼Æ£¬ÕâʹµÃPCRµÄ·´Ó¦²úÎï²»ÐèÒªÔÙ´¿»¯£¬¾ÍÄܱ£Ö¤×ã¹»´¿DNAƬ¶Î¹©·ÖÎöÓë¼ì²âÓá£

PCR·´Ó¦ÌåϵÓë·´Ó¦Ìõ¼þ

±ê×¼µÄPCR·´Ó¦Ìåϵ£º
¡¡¡¡¡¡ 10¡ÁÀ©Ôö»º³åÒº ¡¡ 10ul
¡¡¡¡¡¡ 4ÖÖdNTP»ìºÏÎï ¡¡ ¸÷200umol/L
¡¡¡¡¡¡ ÒýÎï ¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ ¡¡ ¸÷10¡«100pmol¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡ Ä£°åDNA ¡¡¡¡¡¡ ¡¡ 0.1¡«2ug¡¡
¡¡ ¡¡ Taq DNA¾ÛºÏø ¡¡ 2.5u¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡ Mg2+¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ 1.5mmol/L
¡¡¡¡¡¡ ¼ÓË«»òÈýÕôË®ÖÁ ¡¡ 100ul

PCR·´Ó¦ÎåÒªËØ£º²Î¼ÓPCR·´Ó¦µÄÎïÖÊÖ÷ÒªÓÐÎåÖÖ¼´ÒýÎø¡¢dNTP¡¢Ä£°åºÍMg2+

ÒýÎÒýÎïÊÇPCRÌØÒìÐÔ·´Ó¦µÄ¹Ø¼ü£¬PCR ²úÎïµÄÌØÒìÐÔÈ¡¾öÓÚÒýÎïÓëÄ£°åDNA»¥²¹µÄ³Ì¶È¡£ÀíÂÛÉÏ£¬Ö»ÒªÖªµÀÈκÎÒ»¶ÎÄ£°åDNAÐòÁУ¬¾ÍÄÜ°´ÆäÉè¼Æ»¥²¹µÄ¹ÑºËÜÕËáÁ´×öÒýÎÀûÓÃPCR¾Í¿É½«Ä£°åDNAÔÚÌåÍâ´óÁ¿À©Ôö¡£
Éè¼ÆÒýÎïÓ¦×ñÑ­ÒÔÏÂÔ­Ôò£º
¡¡¡¡ ¢ÙÒýÎﳤ¶È£º 15-30bp£¬³£ÓÃΪ20bp×óÓÒ¡£
¡¡¡¡ ¢ÚÒýÎïÀ©Ôö¿ç¶È£º ÒÔ200-500bpΪÒË£¬Ìض¨Ìõ¼þÏ¿ÉÀ©Ôö³¤ÖÁ10kbµÄƬ¶Î¡£
¡¡¡¡ ¢ÛÒýÎï¼î»ù£ºG+Cº¬Á¿ÒÔ40-60%ΪÒË£¬G+CÌ«ÉÙÀ©ÔöЧ¹û²»¼Ñ£¬G+C¹ý¶àÒ׳öÏÖ·ÇÌØÒìÌõ´ø¡£ATGC×îºÃËæ»ú·Ö²¼£¬±ÜÃâ5¸öÒÔÉϵÄàÑßÊ»òà×ऺËÜÕËáµÄ³É´®ÅÅÁС£
¡¡¡¡ ¢Ü±ÜÃâÒýÎïÄÚ²¿³öÏÖ¶þ¼¶½á¹¹£¬±ÜÃâÁ½ÌõÒýÎï¼ä»¥²¹£¬ÌرðÊÇ3'¶ËµÄ»¥²¹£¬·ñÔò»áÐγÉÒýÎï¶þ¾ÛÌ壬²úÉú·ÇÌØÒìµÄÀ©ÔöÌõ´ø¡£
¡¡¡¡ ¢ÝÒýÎï3'¶ËµÄ¼î»ù£¬ÌرðÊÇ×îÄ©¼°µ¹ÊýµÚ¶þ¸ö¼î»ù£¬Ó¦ÑϸñÒªÇóÅä¶Ô£¬ÒÔ±ÜÃâÒòÄ©¶Ë¼î»ù²»Åä¶Ô¶øµ¼ÖÂPCRʧ°Ü¡£
¡¡¡¡ ¢ÞÒýÎïÖÐÓлòÄܼÓÉϺÏÊʵÄøÇÐλµã£¬±»À©ÔöµÄ°ÐÐòÁÐ×îºÃÓÐÊÊÒ˵ÄøÇÐλµã£¬Õâ¶ÔøÇзÖÎö»ò·Ö×Ó¿Ë¡ºÜÓкô¦¡£
¡¡¡¡ ¢ßÒýÎïµÄÌØÒìÐÔ£ºÒýÎïÓ¦ÓëºËËáÐòÁÐÊý¾Ý¿âµÄÆäËüÐòÁÐÎÞÃ÷ÏÔͬԴÐÔ¡£

ÒýÎïÁ¿£º ÿÌõÒýÎïµÄŨ¶È0.1¡«1umol»ò10¡«100pmol£¬ÒÔ×îµÍÒýÎïÁ¿²úÉúËùÐèÒªµÄ½á¹ûΪºÃ£¬ÒýÎïŨ¶ÈÆ«¸ß»áÒýÆð´íÅäºÍ·ÇÌØÒìÐÔÀ©Ôö£¬ÇÒ¿ÉÔö¼ÓÒýÎïÖ®¼äÐγɶþ¾ÛÌåµÄ»ú»á¡£

ø¼°ÆäŨ¶È¡¡Ä¿Ç°ÓÐÁ½ÖÖTaq DNA¾ÛºÏø¹©Ó¦£¬ Ò»ÖÖÊÇ´ÓÆÜÈÈË®Éú¸Ë¾úÖÐÌá´¿µÄÌìȻø£¬ÁíÒ»ÖÖΪ´ó³¦¾úºÏ³ÉµÄ»ùÒò¹¤³Ìø¡£´ß»¯Ò»µäÐ͵ÄPCR·´Ó¦Ô¼ÐèøÁ¿2.5U(Ö¸×Ü·´Ó¦Ìå»ýΪ100ulʱ)£¬Å¨¶È¹ý¸ß¿ÉÒýÆð·ÇÌØÒìÐÔÀ©Ôö£¬Å¨¶È¹ýµÍÔòºÏ³É²úÎïÁ¿¼õÉÙ¡£

dNTPµÄÖÊÁ¿ÓëŨ¶È¡¡dNTPµÄÖÊÁ¿ÓëŨ¶ÈºÍPCRÀ©ÔöЧÂÊÓÐÃÜÇйØϵ£¬dNTP·Û³Ê¿ÅÁ£×´£¬Èç±£´æ²»µ±Ò×±äÐÔʧȥÉúÎïѧ»îÐÔ¡£dNTPÈÜÒº³ÊËáÐÔ£¬Ê¹ÓÃʱӦÅä³É¸ßŨ¶Èºó£¬ÒÔ1M NaOH»ò1M Tris¡£HCLµÄ»º³åÒº½«ÆäPHµ÷½Úµ½7.0¡«7.5£¬Ð¡Á¿·Ö×°£¬ -20¡æ±ù¶³±£´æ¡£¶à´Î¶³ÈÚ»áʹdNTP½µ½â¡£ÔÚPCR·´Ó¦ÖУ¬dNTPӦΪ50¡«200umol/L£¬ÓÈÆäÊÇ×¢Òâ4ÖÖdNTPµÄŨ¶ÈÒªÏàµÈ( µÈĦ¶ûÅäÖÆ)£¬ÈçÆäÖÐÈκÎÒ»ÖÖŨ¶È²»Í¬ÓÚÆäËü¼¸ÖÖʱ(Æ«¸ß»òÆ«µÍ)£¬¾Í»áÒýÆð´íÅ䡣Ũ¶È¹ýµÍÓֻήµÍPCR²úÎïµÄ²úÁ¿¡£dNTPÄÜÓëMg2+½áºÏ£¬Ê¹ÓÎÀëµÄMg2+Ũ¶È½µµÍ¡£

Ä£°å(°Ð»ùÒò)ºËËá¡¡Ä£°åºËËáµÄÁ¿Óë´¿»¯³Ì¶È£¬ÊÇPCR³É°ÜÓë·ñµÄ¹Ø¼ü»·½ÚÖ®Ò»£¬´«Í³µÄDNA´¿»¯·½·¨Í¨³£²ÉÓÃSDSºÍµ°°×øKÀ´Ïû»¯´¦Àí±ê±¾¡£SDSµÄÖ÷Òª¹¦ÄÜÊÇ£ºÈܽâϸ°ûĤÉϵÄÖ¬ÀàÓëµ°°×ÖÊ£¬Òò¶øÈܽâĤµ°°×¶øÆÆ»µÏ¸°ûĤ£¬²¢½âÀëϸ°ûÖеĺ˵°°×£¬SDS »¹ÄÜÓëµ°°×ÖʽáºÏ¶ø³Áµí£»µ°°×øKÄÜË®½âÏû»¯µ°°×ÖÊ£¬ÌرðÊÇÓëDNA½áºÏµÄ×éµ°°×£¬ÔÙÓÃÓлúÈܼÁ·ÓÓëÂȷ³éÌáµôµ°°×ÖʺÍÆäËüϸ°û×é·Ý£¬ÓÃÒÒ´¼»òÒì±û´¼³ÁµíºËËá¡£ÌáÈ¡µÄºËËá¼´¿É×÷Ϊģ°åÓÃÓÚPCR·´Ó¦¡£Ò»°ãÁÙ´²¼ì²â±ê±¾£¬¿É²ÉÓÿìËÙ¼ò±ãµÄ·½·¨Èܽâϸ°û£¬ÁѽⲡԭÌ壬Ïû»¯³ýȥȾɫÌåµÄµ°°×ÖÊʹ°Ð»ùÒòÓÎÀ룬ֱ½ÓÓÃÓÚPCRÀ©Ôö¡£RNAÄ£°åÌáÈ¡Ò»°ã²ÉÓÃÒìÁòÇèËáëÒ»òµ°°×øK·¨£¬Òª·ÀÖ¹RNase½µ½âRNA¡£

Mg2+Ũ¶È¡¡Mg2+¶ÔPCRÀ©ÔöµÄÌØÒìÐԺͲúÁ¿ÓÐÏÔÖøµÄÓ°Ï죬ÔÚÒ»°ãµÄPCR·´Ó¦ÖУ¬¸÷ÖÖdNTPŨ¶ÈΪ200umol/Lʱ£¬Mg2+Ũ¶ÈΪ1.5¡«2.0mmol/LΪÒË¡£Mg2+Ũ¶È¹ý¸ß£¬·´Ó¦ÌØÒìÐÔ½µµÍ£¬³öÏÖ·ÇÌØÒìÀ©Ôö£¬Å¨¶È¹ýµÍ»á½µµÍTaq DNA¾ÛºÏøµÄ»îÐÔ£¬Ê¹·´Ó¦²úÎï¼õÉÙ¡£

PCR·´Ó¦Ìõ¼þµÄÑ¡Ôñ

PCR·´Ó¦Ìõ¼þΪζȡ¢Ê±¼äºÍÑ­»·´ÎÊý¡£

ζÈÓëʱ¼äµÄÉèÖ㺠»ùÓÚPCRÔ­ÀíÈý²½Öè¶øÉèÖñäÐÔ-ÍË»ð-ÑÓÉìÈý¸öζȵ㡣ÔÚ±ê×¼·´Ó¦ÖвÉÓÃÈýζȵ㷨£¬Ë«Á´DNAÔÚ90¡«95¡æ±äÐÔ£¬ÔÙѸËÙÀäÈ´ÖÁ40 ¡«60¡æ£¬ÒýÎïÍ˻𲢽áºÏµ½°ÐÐòÁÐÉÏ£¬È»ºó¿ìËÙÉýÎÂÖÁ70¡«75¡æ£¬ÔÚTaq DNA ¾ÛºÏøµÄ×÷ÓÃÏ£¬Ê¹ÒýÎïÁ´ÑØÄ£°åÑÓÉì¡£¶ÔÓڽ϶̰лùÒò(³¤¶ÈΪ100¡«300bpʱ)¿É²ÉÓöþζȵ㷨£¬³ý±äÐÔζÈÍâ¡¢ÍË»ðÓëÑÓÉìζȿɺ϶þΪһ£¬Ò»°ã²ÉÓÃ94¡æ±äÐÔ£¬65¡æ×óÓÒÍË»ðÓëÑÓÉì(´ËζÈTaq DNAøÈÔÓнϸߵĴ߻¯»îÐÔ)¡£

¢Ù±äÐÔζÈÓëʱ¼ä£º±äÐÔζȵͣ¬½âÁ´²»ÍêÈ«Êǵ¼ÖÂPCRʧ°ÜµÄ×îÖ÷ÒªÔ­Òò¡£Ò»°ãÇé¿öÏ£¬93¡æ¡«94¡ælmin×ãÒÔʹģ°åDNA±äÐÔ£¬ÈôµÍÓÚ93¡æÔòÐèÑÓ³¤Ê±¼ä£¬µ«Î¶Ȳ»Äܹý¸ß£¬ÒòΪ¸ßλ·¾³¶ÔøµÄ»îÐÔÓÐÓ°Ïì¡£´Ë²½Èô²»ÄÜʹ°Ð»ùÒòÄ£°å»òPCR²úÎïÍêÈ«±äÐÔ£¬¾Í»áµ¼ÖÂPCRʧ°Ü¡£

¢ÚÍË»ð(¸´ÐÔ)ζÈÓëʱ¼ä£ºÍË»ðζÈÊÇÓ°ÏìPCRÌØÒìÐԵĽÏÖØÒªÒòËØ¡£±äÐÔºóζȿìËÙÀäÈ´ÖÁ40¡æ¡«60¡æ£¬¿ÉʹÒýÎïºÍÄ£°å·¢Éú½áºÏ¡£ÓÉÓÚÄ£°åDNA ±ÈÒýÎ︴Ôӵö࣬ÒýÎïºÍÄ£°åÖ®¼äµÄÅöײ½áºÏ»ú»áÔ¶Ô¶¸ßÓÚÄ£°å»¥²¹Á´Ö®¼äµÄÅöײ¡£ÍË»ðζÈÓëʱ¼ä£¬È¡¾öÓÚÒýÎïµÄ³¤¶È¡¢¼î»ù×é³É¼°ÆäŨ¶È£¬»¹ÓалùÐòÁеij¤¶È¡£¶ÔÓÚ20¸öºËÜÕËᣬG+Cº¬Á¿Ô¼50%µÄÒýÎ55¡æΪѡÔñ×îÊÊÍË»ðζȵÄÆðµã½ÏΪÀíÏë¡£ÒýÎïµÄ¸´ÐÔζȿÉͨ¹ýÒÔϹ«Ê½°ïÖúÑ¡ÔñºÏÊʵÄζȣº
¡¡¡¡ TmÖµ(½âÁ´Î¶È)=4(G+C)£«2(A+T)
¡¡¡¡ ¸´ÐÔζÈ=TmÖµ-(5¡«10¡æ)

ÔÚTmÖµÔÊÐí·¶Î§ÄÚ£¬ Ñ¡Ôñ½Ï¸ßµÄ¸´ÐÔζȿɴó´ó¼õÉÙÒýÎïºÍÄ£°å¼äµÄ·ÇÌØÒìÐÔ½áºÏ£¬Ìá¸ßPCR·´Ó¦µÄÌØÒìÐÔ¡£¸´ÐÔʱ¼äÒ»°ãΪ30¡«60sec£¬×ãÒÔʹÒýÎïÓëÄ£°åÖ®¼äÍêÈ«½áºÏ¡£

¢ÛÑÓÉìζÈÓëʱ¼ä£ºTaq DNA¾ÛºÏøµÄÉúÎïѧ»îÐÔ£º
¡¡¡¡¡¡ 70¡«80¡æ 150ºËÜÕËá/S/ø·Ö×Ó
¡¡¡¡¡¡ 70¡æ 60ºËÜÕËá/S/ø·Ö×Ó
¡¡¡¡¡¡ 55¡æ 24ºËÜÕËá/S/ø·Ö×Ó
¡¡¡¡¡¡ ¸ßÓÚ90¡æʱ£¬ DNAºÏ³É¼¸ºõ²»ÄܽøÐС£

PCR·´Ó¦µÄÑÓÉìζÈÒ»°ãÑ¡ÔñÔÚ70¡«75¡æÖ®¼ä£¬³£ÓÃζÈΪ72¡æ£¬¹ý¸ßµÄÑÓÉìζȲ»ÀûÓÚÒýÎïºÍÄ£°åµÄ½áºÏ¡£PCRÑÓÉì·´Ó¦µÄʱ¼ä£¬¿É¸ù¾Ý´ýÀ©ÔöƬ¶ÎµÄ³¤¶È¶ø¶¨£¬Ò»°ã1KbÒÔÄÚµÄDNAƬ¶Î£¬ÑÓÉìʱ¼ä1minÊÇ×ã¹»µÄ¡£3¡«4kbµÄ°ÐÐòÁÐÐè3¡«4min£»À©Ôö10KbÐèÑÓÉìÖÁ15min¡£ÑÓÉì½ø¼ä¹ý³¤»áµ¼Ö·ÇÌØÒìÐÔÀ©Ôö´øµÄ³öÏÖ¡£¶ÔµÍŨ¶ÈÄ£°åµÄÀ©Ôö£¬ÑÓÉìʱ¼äÒªÉÔ³¤Ð©¡£

Ñ­»·´ÎÊý¡¡¡¡Ñ­»·´ÎÊý¾ö¶¨PCRÀ©Ôö³Ì¶È¡£PCRÑ­»·´ÎÊýÖ÷Ҫȡ¾öÓÚÄ£°åDNAµÄŨ¶È¡£Ò»°ãµÄÑ­»·´ÎÊýÑ¡ÔÚ30¡«40´ÎÖ®¼ä£¬Ñ­»·´ÎÊýÔ½¶à£¬·ÇÌØÒìÐÔ²úÎïµÄÁ¿ÒàËæÖ®Ôö¶à¡£



[Ó¡ÏóÅÉ (2-8 16:40, Long long ago)] [ ´«Í³°æ | sForum ][µÇ¼ºó»Ø¸´]11Â¥

(ÒýÓà ӡÏóÅÉ:ÉúÎïÊÔÑé¼¼Êõ)PCR³£¼ûÎÊÌâ×Ü»ãPCR²úÎïµÄµçÓ¾¼ì²âʱ¼ä

Ò»°ãΪ48hÒÔÄÚ£¬ÓÐЩ×îºÃÓÚµ±ÈÕµçÓ¾¼ì²â£¬´óÓÚ48hºó´øÐͲ»¹æÔòÉõÖÂÏûʧ¡£
¼ÙÒõÐÔ£¬²»³öÏÖÀ©ÔöÌõ´ø

PCR·´Ó¦µÄ¹Ø¼ü»·½ÚÓТÙÄ£°åºËËáµÄÖƱ¸£¬¢ÚÒýÎïµÄÖÊÁ¿ÓëÌØÒìÐÔ£¬¢ÛøµÄÖÊÁ¿£¬ ¢ÜPCRÑ­»·Ìõ¼þ¡£Ñ°ÕÒÔ­ÒòÒàÓ¦Õë¶ÔÉÏÊö»·½Ú½øÐзÖÎöÑо¿¡£

Ä£°å£º¢ÙÄ£°åÖк¬ÓÐÔÓµ°°×ÖÊ£¬¢ÚÄ£°åÖк¬ÓÐTaqøÒÖÖƼÁ£¬¢ÛÄ£°åÖе°°×ÖÊûÓÐÏû »¯³ý¾»£¬ÌرðÊÇȾɫÌåÖеÄ×éµ°°×£¬¢ÜÔÚÌáÈ¡ÖƱ¸Ä£°åʱ¶ªÊ§¹ý¶à£¬»òÎüÈë·Ó¡£ ¢ÝÄ£ °åºËËá±äÐÔ²»³¹µ×¡£ÔÚøºÍÒýÎïÖÊÁ¿ºÃʱ£¬²»³öÏÖÀ©Ôö´ø£¬¼«ÓпÉÄÜÊDZ걾µÄÏû»¯´¦ Àí£¬Ä£°åºËËáÌáÈ¡¹ý³Ì³öÁË벡£¬Òò¶øÒªÅäÖÆÓÐЧ¶øÎȶ¨µÄÏû»¯´¦ÀíÒº£¬Æä³ÌÐòÒàÓ¦ ¹Ì¶¨²»ÒËËæÒâ¸ü¸Ä¡£

øʧ»î£ºÐè¸ü»»ÐÂø£¬»òоÉÁ½ÖÖøͬʱʹÓã¬ÒÔ·ÖÎöÊÇ·ñÒòøµÄ»îÐÔɥʧ»ò²»¹»¶ø µ¼Ö¼ÙÒõÐÔ¡£Ðè×¢ÒâµÄÊÇÓÐʱÍü¼ÓTaqø»òäåÒÒ¶§¡£

ÒýÎÒýÎïÖÊÁ¿¡¢ÒýÎïµÄŨ¶È¡¢Á½ÌõÒýÎïµÄŨ¶ÈÊÇ·ñ¶Ô³Æ£¬ÊÇPCRʧ°Ü»òÀ©ÔöÌõ´ø²» ÀíÏë¡¢ÈÝÒ×ÃÖÉ¢µÄ³£¼ûÔ­Òò¡£ÓÐЩÅúºÅµÄÒýÎïºÏ³ÉÖÊÁ¿ÓÐÎÊÌ⣬Á½ÌõÒýÎïÒ»ÌõŨ¶È ¸ß£¬Ò»ÌõŨ¶ÈµÍ£¬Ôì³ÉµÍЧÂʵIJ»¶Ô³ÆÀ©Ôö£¬¶Ô²ßΪ£º¢ÙÑ¡¶¨Ò»¸öºÃµÄÒýÎïºÏ³Éµ¥ λ¡£¢ÚÒýÎïµÄŨ¶È²»½öÒª¿´ODÖµ£¬¸üҪעÖØÒýÎïÔ­Òº×öÇíÖ¬ÌÇÄý½ºµçÓ¾£¬Ò»¶¨ÒªÓÐÒýÎïÌõ´ø³öÏÖ£¬¶øÇÒÁ½ÒýÎï´øµÄÁÁ¶ÈÓ¦´óÌåÒ»Ö£¬ÈçÒ»ÌõÒýÎïÓÐÌõ´ø£¬Ò»ÌõÒýÎïÎÞÌõ´ø£¬´Ëʱ×öPCRÓпÉÄÜʧ°Ü£¬Ó¦ºÍÒýÎïºÏ³Éµ¥Î»Ð­É̽â¾ö¡£ÈçÒ»ÌõÒýÎïÁÁ¶È¸ß£¬Ò»ÌõÁÁ¶ÈµÍ£¬ÔÚÏ¡ÊÍÒýÎïʱҪƽºâÆäŨ¶È¡£¢ÛÒýÎïÓ¦¸ßŨ¶ÈСÁ¿·Ö×°±£´æ£¬·ÀÖ¹¶à´Î¶³ÈÚ»ò³¤ÆڷűùÏäÀä²Ø²¿·Ö£¬µ¼ÖÂÒýÎï±äÖʽµ½âʧЧ¡£¢ÜÒýÎïÉè¼Æ²»ºÏÀí£¬ÈçÒýÎﳤ¶È²»¹»£¬ÒýÎïÖ®¼äÐγɶþ¾ÛÌåµÈ¡£

Mg2+Ũ¶È£ºMg2+Àë×ÓŨ¶È¶ÔPCRÀ©ÔöЧÂÊÓ°ÏìºÜ´ó£¬Å¨¶È¹ý¸ß¿É½µµÍPCRÀ©ÔöµÄÌØ ÒìÐÔ£¬Å¨¶È¹ýµÍÔòÓ°ÏìPCRÀ©Ôö²úÁ¿ÉõÖÁʹPCRÀ©Ôöʧ°Ü¶ø²»³öÀ©ÔöÌõ´ø¡£

·´Ó¦Ìå»ýµÄ¸Ä±ä£ºÍ¨³£½øÐÐPCRÀ©Ôö²ÉÓõÄÌå»ýΪ20ul¡¢30ul¡¢50ul¡£»ò100ul£¬Ó¦ÓÃ¶à ´óÌå»ý½øÐÐPCRÀ©Ôö£¬ÊǸù¾Ý¿ÆÑкÍÁÙ´²¼ì²â²»Í¬Ä¿µÄ¶øÉ趨£¬ÔÚ×öСÌå»ýÈç20ul ºó£¬ÔÙ×ö´óÌå»ýʱ£¬Ò»¶¨ÒªÄ£Ë÷Ìõ¼þ£¬·ñÔòÈÝÒ×ʧ°Ü¡£

ÎïÀíÔ­Òò£º±äÐÔ¶ÔPCRÀ©ÔöÀ´ËµÏ൱ÖØÒª£¬Èç±äÐÔζȵͣ¬±äÐÔʱ¼ä¶Ì£¬¼«ÓпÉÄܳöÏÖ¼ÙÒõÐÔ;ÍË»ðζȹýµÍ£¬¿ÉÖ·ÇÌØÒìÐÔÀ©Ôö¶ø½µµÍÌØÒìÐÔÀ©ÔöЧÂÊÍË»ðζȹý¸ßÓ°ÏìÒýÎïÓëÄ£°åµÄ½áºÏ¶ø½µµÍPCRÀ©ÔöЧÂÊ¡£ÓÐʱ»¹ÓбØÒªÓñê×¼µÄζȼƣ¬¼ì²âÒ»ÏÂÀ©ÔöÒÇ»òË®ÈܹøÄڵıäÐÔ¡¢ÍË»ðºÍÑÓÉìζȣ¬ÕâÒ²ÊÇPCRʧ°ÜµÄÔ­ÒòÖ®Ò»¡£

°ÐÐòÁбäÒ죺Èç°ÐÐòÁз¢ÉúÍ»±ä»òȱʧ£¬Ó°ÏìÒýÎïÓëÄ£°åÌØÒìÐÔ½áºÏ£¬»òÒò°ÐÐòÁÐij ¶ÎȱʧʹÒýÎïÓëÄ£°åʧȥ»¥²¹ÐòÁУ¬ÆäPCRÀ©ÔöÊDz»»á³É¹¦µÄ¡£

¼ÙÑôÐÔ

³öÏÖµÄPCRÀ©ÔöÌõ´øÓëÄ¿µÄ°ÐÐòÁÐÌõ´øÒ»Ö£¬ÓÐʱÆäÌõ´ø¸üÕûÆ룬ÁÁ¶È¸ü¸ß¡£

ÒýÎïÉè¼Æ²»ºÏÊÊ£ºÑ¡ÔñµÄÀ©ÔöÐòÁÐÓë·ÇÄ¿µÄÀ©ÔöÐòÁÐÓÐͬԴÐÔ£¬Òò¶øÔÚ½øÐÐPCRÀ©Ôöʱ£¬À©Ôö³öµÄPCR²úÎïΪ·ÇÄ¿µÄÐÔµÄÐòÁС£°ÐÐòÁÐÌ«¶Ì»òÒýÎïÌ«¶Ì£¬ÈÝÒ׳öÏÖ¼ÙÑôÐÔ¡£ÐèÖØÐÂÉè¼ÆÒýÎï¡£

°ÐÐòÁлòÀ©Ôö²úÎïµÄ½»²æÎÛȾ£ºÕâÖÖÎÛȾÓÐÁ½ÖÖÔ­Òò£ºÒ»ÊÇÕû¸ö»ùÒò×é»ò´óƬ¶ÎµÄ½»²æÎÛȾ£¬µ¼Ö¼ÙÑôÐÔ¡£ÕâÖÖ¼ÙÑôÐÔ¿ÉÓÃÒÔÏ·½·¨½â¾ö£º²Ù×÷ʱӦСÐÄÇáÈᣬ·ÀÖ¹½«°ÐÐòÁÐÎüÈë¼ÓÑùǹÄÚ»ò½¦³öÀëÐĹÜÍâ¡£³ýø¼°²»ÄÜÄ͸ßεÄÎïÖÊÍ⣬ËùÓÐÊÔ¼Á»òÆ÷²Ä¾ùÓ¦¸ßѹÏû¶¾¡£ËùÓÃÀëÐĹܼ°Ñù½øǹͷµÈ¾ùÓ¦Ò»´ÎÐÔʹÓᣱØҪʱ£¬Ôڼӱ걾ǰ£¬·´Ó¦¹ÜºÍÊÔ¼ÁÓÃ×ÏÍâÏßÕÕÉ䣬ÒÔÆÆ»µ´æÔڵĺËËá¡£¶þÊÇ¿ÕÆøÖеÄСƬ¶ÎºËËáÎÛȾ£¬ÕâЩСƬ¶Î±È°ÐÐòÁж̣¬µ«ÓÐÒ»¶¨µÄͬԴÐÔ¡£¿É»¥ÏàÆ´½Ó£¬ÓëÒýÎﻥ²¹ºó£¬¿ÉÀ©Ôö³öPCR²úÎ¶øµ¼Ö¼ÙÑôÐԵIJúÉú£¬¿ÉÓó²Ê½PCR·½·¨À´¼õÇá»òÏû³ý¡£

³öÏÖ·ÇÌØÒìÐÔÀ©Ôö´ø

PCRÀ©Ôöºó³öÏÖµÄÌõ´øÓëÔ¤¼ÆµÄ´óС²»Ò»Ö£¬»ò´ó»òС£¬»òÕßͬʱ³öÏÖÌØÒìÐÔÀ©Ôö´ø Óë·ÇÌØÒìÐÔÀ©Ôö´ø¡£·ÇÌØÒìÐÔÌõ´øµÄ³öÏÖ£¬ÆäÔ­Òò£ºÒ»ÊÇÒýÎïÓë°ÐÐòÁв»ÍêÈ«»¥²¹¡¢ »òÒýÎï¾ÛºÏÐγɶþ¾ÛÌå¡£¶þÊÇMg2+Àë×ÓŨ¶È¹ý¸ß¡¢ÍË»ðζȹýµÍ£¬¼°PCRÑ­»·´ÎÊý ¹ý¶àÓйء£Æä´ÎÊÇøµÄÖʺÍÁ¿£¬ÍùÍùһЩÀ´Ô´µÄøÒ׳öÏÖ·ÇÌØÒìÌõ´ø¶øÁíÒ»À´Ô´µÄø Ôò²»³öÏÖ£¬Ã¸Á¿¹ý¶àÓÐʱҲ»á³öÏÖ·ÇÌØÒìÐÔÀ©Ôö¡£Æä¶Ô²ßÓУº±ØҪʱÖØÐÂÉè¼ÆÒý Îï¡£¼õµÍøÁ¿»òµ÷»»ÁíÒ»À´Ô´µÄø¡£½µµÍÒýÎïÁ¿£¬Êʵ±Ôö¼ÓÄ£°åÁ¿£¬¼õÉÙÑ­»·´Î Êý¡£Êʵ±Ìá¸ßÍË»ðζȻò²ÉÓöþζȵ㷨(93¡æ±äÐÔ£¬65¡æ×óÓÒÍË»ðÓëÑÓÉì)¡£

³öÏÖƬ״ÍÏ´ø»òͿĨ´ø

PCRÀ©ÔöÓÐʱ³öÏÖͿĨ´ø»òƬ״´ø»òµØ̺Ñù´ø¡£ÆäÔ­ÒòÍùÍùÓÉÓÚøÁ¿¹ý¶à»òøµÄÖÊÁ¿ ²î£¬dNTPŨ¶È¹ý¸ß£¬Mg2+Ũ¶È¹ý¸ß£¬ÍË»ðζȹýµÍ£¬Ñ­»·´ÎÊý¹ý¶àÒýÆð¡£Æä¶Ô²ßÓУº¼õÉÙøÁ¿£¬»òµ÷»»ÁíÒ»À´Ô´µÄø¡£¢Ú¼õÉÙdNTPµÄŨ¶È¡£Êʵ±½µµÍMg2+Ũ ¶È¡£Ôö¼ÓÄ£°åÁ¿£¬¼õÉÙÑ­»·´ÎÊý¡£

¿Ë¡PCR²úÎï

1)¿Ë¡PCR²úÎïµÄ×îÓÅÌõ¼þÊÇʲô£¿
×î¼Ñ²åÈëƬ¶Î£ºÔØÌå±ÈÐèʵÑéÈ·¶¨¡£1£º1£¨²åÈëƬ¶Î£ºÔØÌ壩³£Îª×î¼Ñ±È£¬Ä¦¶ûÊý±È1£º8»ò8£º1Ò²ÐС£Ó¦²â¶¨±ÈÖµ·¶Î§¡£Á¬½ÓÓÃ5ul 2XÁ¬½ÓÒº, 50ngÖÊÁ£DNA,1Weissµ¥Î»µÄT4Á¬½Óø£¬²åÈëƬ¶Î¹²10ul¡£ÊÒα£ÎÂ1Сʱ£¬»ò4¡æ¹ýÒ¹¡£ÔÚÕâ2ÖÖζÈÏ£¬È±T-͹³ö¶ËµÄÔØÌå»á×ÔÁ¬£¬²úÉúÀ¶°ß¡£ÊÒα£ÎÂ1СʱÄÜÂú×ã´ó¶àÊý¿Ë¡ҪÇó£¬ÎªÌá¸ßÁ¬½ÓЧÂÊ£¬Ðè4¡æ¹ýÒ¹¡£

2)PCR²úÎïÊÇ·ñÐèÒªÓÃÄý½º´¿»¯£¿
ÈçÄý½º·ÖÎöÀ©Ôö²úÎïÖ»ÓÐÒ»Ìõ´ø£¬²»ÐèÒªÓÃÄý½º´¿»¯¡£Èç¿É¼ûÆäËûÔÓ´ø£¬¿ÉÄÜÊÇ»ýÀÛÁË´óÁ¿ÒýÎïµÄ¶þ¾ÛÌå¡£ÉÙÁ¿µÄÒýÎï¶þ¾ÛÌåµÄĦ¶ûÊýÒ²ºÜ¸ß£¬Õâ»á²úÉú¸ß±ÈÀýµÄ´øÓÐÒýÎï¶þ¾ÛÌåµÄ¿Ë¡£¬¶ø·ÇÄ¿µÄ²åÈëƬ¶Î¡£Îª´ËÐèÔÚ¿Ë¡ǰ×öÄý½º´¿»¯¡£

3)Èç¹ûûÓлØÊÕµ½Ä¿µÄƬ¶Î£¬»¹ÐèÒª×÷ʲô¶ÔÕÕʵÑ飿
A£©Í¿²¼Î´×ª»¯µÄ¸ÐÊÜ̬ϸ°û¡£
ÈçÓоúÂ䣬±íÃ÷°±ÜÐʧЧ£¬»òÎÛȾÉÏ´øÓа±Üп¹Ð͵ÄÖÊÁ££¬»ò²úÉú°±Üп¹Ð͵ľúÂä¡£
B£©×ª»¯ÍêÕûÖÊÁ££¬¼ÆËã¾úÂäÉú³¤Êý£¬²â¶¨×ª»¯Ð§ÂÊ¡£
ÀýÈ磬½«1ug/ulÖÊÁ£1:100Ï¡ÊÍ,1ulÓÃÓÚ100ul¸ÐÊÜ̬ϸ°ûת»¯¡£ÓÃSOCÏ¡Ê͵½1000ulºó£¬ÓÃ100ulÆÌ°å¡£ÅàÑø¹ýÒ¹£¬²úÉú1000¸ö¾úÂ䡣ת»¯ÂÊΪ£º ²úÉú¾úÂäµÄ×ÜÊý/ÆÌ°åDNAµÄ×ÜÁ¿¡£
ÆÌ°åDNAµÄ×ÜÁ¿ÊÇת»¯·´Ó¦ËùÓõÄÁ¿³ýÒÔÏ¡Êͱ¶Êý¡£¾ßÌå¶øÑÔת»¯ÓÃ10ng DNA£¬ÓÃSOCÏ¡Ê͵½1000uºóº¬10 ng DNA£¬ÓÃ1/10Æ̰壬¹²ÓÃ1 ng DNA¡£×ª»¯ÂÊΪ£º
1000¿Ë¡X10£¨3´Î·½£© ng /ÆÌ°å1 ng DNA ug=10£¨6´Î·½£©cfu/ ug
ת»¯pGEM-TÓ¦ÓÃ10£¨8´Î·½£©cfu/ ug¸ÐÊÜ̬ϸ°û
ÈçûÓоúÂä»òÉÙÓоúÂ䣬¸ÐÊÜ̬ϸ°ûµÄת»¯ÂÊÌ«µÍ¡£
C£©ÈçÓÃpGEM-TÕý¶ÔÕÕ£¬»òPCR²úÎ²úÉú>20-40À¶°ß£¨ÓÃÖ¸¶¨²½Öè10£¨8´Î·½£©cfu/ ug¸ÐÊÜ̬ϸ°û£©£¬±íÃ÷ÔØÌåʧȥT¡£¿ÉÄÜÊÇÁ¬½ÓøÎÛȾÁ˺ËËáø¡£T4 DNAÁ¬½Óø£¨M1801£¬M1804£¬M1794£©ÖÊÁ¿±ê×¼ºÃÎÞºËËáøÎÛȾ£¬²»Ó¦ÓÃÆäËüÀ´Ô´µÄT4 DNAÁ¬½ÓøÌæ»»¡£
D£©ÓÃpGEM-T»òpGEM-T EasyÔØÌ壬Á¬½ÓpGEM-TÕý¶ÔÕÕ£¬×ª»¯¸ßƵÂʸÐÊÜ̬ϸ°û£¨10£¨8´Î·½£©cfu/ug£©,°´ÕÕÖ¸¶¨µÄʵÑé²½Ö裬¿ÉµÃ100¸ö¾úÂ䣬ÆäÖÐ60%ӦΪ°×°ß£¬Èç²úÉú>20-40À¶°ß, ûÓоúÂä»òÉÙÓоúÂ䣬Á¬½ÓÓÐÎÊÌâ¡£

4)¶ÔÕÕʵÑé½á¹ûºÃ£¬È´Ã»ÓлØÊÕµ½Ä¿µÄƬ¶Î£¬ÊµÑé³öÁËʲôÎÊÌ⣿
A£©Á¬½ÓÓÃÊÒα£ÎÂ1Сʱ£¬ÄÜÂú×ã´ó¶àÊý¿Ë¡£¬ÎªÌá¸ßЧÂÊ£¬Ðè4¡æ¹ýÒ¹¡£
B£©²åÈëƬ¶Î´øÓÐÎÛȾ£¬Ê¹3`-Tȱʧ£¬»òÒÖÖÆÁ¬½Ó£¬ÒÖÖÆת»¯¡£Îª´Ë£¬½«²åÈëƬ¶ÎºÍpGEM-TÕý¶ÔÕÕ»ìºÏ£¬ÔÙÁ¬½Ó¡£Èç½µµÍÁ˶ÔÕյľúÂäÊý£¬²åÈëƬ¶ÎÐè´¿»¯£¬»òÖØÐÂÖƱ¸¡£Èç²úÉú´óÁ¿µÄÀ¶°ß£¬²åÈëƬ¶ÎÎÛȾÓкËËáø£¬Ê¹pGEM-T»òpGEM-T EasyÔØÌå3`-Tȱʧ¡£
C£©²åÈëƬ¶Î²»ÊÊÓÚÁ¬½Ó¡£ÓÃÄý½º´¿»¯µÄ²åÈëƬ¶Î£¬ÒòÊÜUV¹ý¶ÈÕÕÉ䣬ʱÓз¢Éú¡£UV¹ý¶ÈÕÕÉä»á²úÉúà×शþ¾ÛÌ壬²»ÀûÓÚÁ¬½Ó£¬DNA±ØÐèÖØд¿»¯¡£
D£©´øÓÐÐÞ¸´¹¦ÄܵÄÄÍÈÈDNA¾ÛºÏøµÄÀ©Ôö²úÎïÄ©¶ËÎÞA£¬ºóÕßÊÇpGEM-T»òpGEM-T EasyÔØÌå¿Ë¡ËùÐè¡£¼ÓTaq DNA¾ÛºÏøºÍºËÜÕËá¿ÉÔÚÄ©¶Ë¼ÓA¡£ÏêÇé²épGEM-T pGEM-T EasyÔØÌå¼¼Êõ×ÊÁÏ£¨TM042£©¡£
E£©¸ß¶ÈÖظ´ÐòÁпÉÄܻ᲻Îȶ¨£¬ÔÚÀ©ÔöÖвúÉúȱʧºÍÖØÅÅ£¬Èç·¢ÏÖ²åÈëƬ¶Î¸ßƵÂʵزúÉúȱʧºÍÖØÅÅ£¬ÐèÓÃÖØ×éȱÏݴ󳦸˾ú¾úÖ꣬ÈçSUREϸ°û

PCR·´Ó¦ÌåϵÓë·´Ó¦Ìõ¼þ

±ê×¼µÄPCR·´Ó¦Ìåϵ£º
10¡ÁÀ©Ôö»º³åÒº ¡¡ 10ul
4ÖÖdNTP»ìºÏÎï ¡¡ ¸÷200umol/L
ÒýÎï ¡¡ ¸÷10¡«100pmol¡¡
Ä£°åDNA ¡¡ ¡¡0.1¡«2ug¡¡
Taq DNA¾ÛºÏø ¡¡ 2.5u¡¡
Mg2+ 1.5mmol/L
¼ÓË«»òÈýÕôË®ÖÁ ¡¡100ul

PCR·´Ó¦ÎåÒªËØ £º ²Î¼ÓPCR·´Ó¦µÄÎïÖÊÖ÷ÒªÓÐÎåÖÖ¼´ÒýÎø¡¢dNTP¡¢Ä£°åºÍMg2+

ÒýÎ ÒýÎïÊÇPCRÌØÒìÐÔ·´Ó¦µÄ¹Ø¼ü£¬PCR ²úÎïµÄÌØÒìÐÔÈ¡¾öÓÚÒýÎïÓëÄ£°åDNA»¥²¹µÄ³Ì¶È¡£ÀíÂÛÉÏ£¬Ö»ÒªÖªµÀÈκÎÒ»¶ÎÄ£°åDNAÐòÁУ¬ ¾ÍÄÜ°´ÆäÉè¼Æ»¥²¹µÄ¹ÑºËÜÕËáÁ´×öÒýÎÀûÓÃPCR¾Í¿É½«Ä£°åDNAÔÚÌåÍâ´óÁ¿À©Ôö¡£
Éè¼ÆÒýÎïÓ¦×ñÑ­ÒÔÏÂÔ­Ôò£º
¢ÙÒýÎﳤ¶È£º 15-30bp£¬³£ÓÃΪ20bp×óÓÒ¡£
¢ÚÒýÎïÀ©Ôö¿ç¶È£º ÒÔ200-500bpΪÒË£¬Ìض¨Ìõ¼þÏ¿ÉÀ©Ôö³¤ÖÁ10kbµÄƬ¶Î¡£
¢ÛÒýÎï¼î»ù£ºG+Cº¬Á¿ÒÔ40-60%ΪÒË£¬G+CÌ«ÉÙÀ©ÔöЧ¹û²»¼Ñ£¬G+C¹ý¶àÒ׳öÏÖ·ÇÌØÒìÌõ´ø¡£ATGC×îºÃËæ»ú·Ö²¼£¬±ÜÃâ5¸öÒÔÉϵÄàÑßÊ»òà×ऺËÜÕËáµÄ³É´®ÅÅÁС£
¢Ü±ÜÃâÒýÎïÄÚ²¿³öÏÖ¶þ¼¶½á¹¹£¬±ÜÃâÁ½ÌõÒýÎï¼ä»¥²¹£¬ÌرðÊÇ3'¶ËµÄ»¥²¹£¬·ñÔò»áÐγÉÒýÎï¶þ¾ÛÌ壬²úÉú·ÇÌØÒìµÄÀ©ÔöÌõ´ø¡£
¢ÝÒýÎï3'¶ËµÄ¼î»ù£¬ÌرðÊÇ×îÄ©¼°µ¹ÊýµÚ¶þ¸ö¼î»ù£¬Ó¦ÑϸñÒªÇóÅä¶Ô£¬ÒÔ±ÜÃâÒòÄ©¶Ë¼î»ù²»Åä¶Ô¶øµ¼ÖÂPCRʧ°Ü¡£
¢ÞÒýÎïÖÐÓлòÄܼÓÉϺÏÊʵÄøÇÐλµã£¬ ±»À©ÔöµÄ°ÐÐòÁÐ×îºÃÓÐÊÊÒ˵ÄøÇÐλµã£¬ Õâ¶ÔøÇзÖÎö»ò·Ö×Ó¿Ë¡ºÜÓкô¦¡£
¢ßÒýÎïµÄÌØÒìÐÔ£ºÒýÎïÓ¦ÓëºËËáÐòÁÐÊý¾Ý¿âµÄÆäËüÐòÁÐÎÞÃ÷ÏÔͬԴÐÔ¡£ÒýÎïÁ¿£º ÿÌõÒýÎïµÄŨ¶È0.1¡«1umol»ò10¡«100pmol£¬ÒÔ×îµÍÒýÎïÁ¿²úÉúËùÐèÒªµÄ½á¹ûΪºÃ£¬ÒýÎïŨ¶ÈÆ«¸ß»áÒýÆð´íÅäºÍ·ÇÌØÒìÐÔÀ©Ôö£¬ÇÒ¿ÉÔö¼ÓÒýÎïÖ®¼äÐγɶþ¾ÛÌåµÄ»ú»á¡£

ø¼°ÆäŨ¶È¡¡Ä¿Ç°ÓÐÁ½ÖÖTaq DNA¾ÛºÏø¹©Ó¦£¬ Ò»ÖÖÊÇ´ÓÆÜÈÈË®Éú¸Ë¾úÖÐÌá´¿µÄÌìȻø£¬ÁíÒ»ÖÖΪ´ó³¦¾úºÏ³ÉµÄ»ùÒò¹¤³Ìø¡£´ß»¯Ò»µäÐ͵ÄPCR·´Ó¦Ô¼ÐèøÁ¿2.5U(Ö¸×Ü·´Ó¦Ìå»ýΪ100ulʱ)£¬Å¨¶È¹ý¸ß¿ÉÒýÆð·ÇÌØÒìÐÔÀ©Ôö£¬Å¨¶È¹ýµÍÔòºÏ³É²úÎïÁ¿¼õÉÙ¡£

dNTPµÄÖÊÁ¿ÓëŨ¶È¡¡dNTPµÄÖÊÁ¿ÓëŨ¶ÈºÍPCRÀ©ÔöЧÂÊÓÐÃÜÇйØϵ£¬dNTP·Û³Ê¿ÅÁ£×´£¬Èç±£´æ²»µ±Ò×±äÐÔʧȥÉúÎïѧ»îÐÔ¡£dNTPÈÜÒº³ÊËáÐÔ£¬Ê¹ÓÃʱӦÅä³É¸ßŨ¶Èºó£¬ÒÔ1M NaOH»ò1M Tris¡£HCLµÄ»º³åÒº½«ÆäPHµ÷½Úµ½7.0¡«7.5£¬Ð¡Á¿·Ö×°£¬ -20¡æ±ù¶³±£´æ¡£¶à´Î¶³ÈÚ»áʹdNTP½µ½â¡£ÔÚPCR·´Ó¦ÖУ¬dNTPӦΪ50¡«200umol/L£¬ÓÈÆäÊÇ×¢Òâ4ÖÖdNTPµÄŨ¶ÈÒªÏàµÈ( µÈĦ¶ûÅäÖÆ)£¬ÈçÆäÖÐÈκÎÒ»ÖÖŨ¶È²»Í¬ÓÚÆäËü¼¸ÖÖʱ(Æ«¸ß»òÆ«µÍ)£¬¾Í»áÒýÆð´íÅ䡣Ũ¶È¹ýµÍÓֻήµÍPCR²úÎïµÄ²úÁ¿¡£dNTPÄÜÓëMg2+½áºÏ£¬Ê¹ÓÎÀëµÄMg2+Ũ¶È½µµÍ¡£

Ä£°å(°Ð»ùÒò)ºËËá¡¡Ä£°åºËËáµÄÁ¿Óë´¿»¯³Ì¶È£¬ÊÇPCR³É°ÜÓë·ñµÄ¹Ø¼ü»·½ÚÖ®Ò»£¬´«Í³µÄDNA´¿»¯·½·¨Í¨³£²ÉÓÃSDSºÍµ°°×øKÀ´Ïû»¯´¦Àí±ê±¾¡£SDSµÄÖ÷Òª¹¦ÄÜÊÇ£º Èܽâϸ°ûĤÉϵÄÖ¬ÀàÓëµ°°×ÖÊ£¬Òò¶øÈܽâĤµ°°×¶øÆÆ»µÏ¸°ûĤ£¬²¢½âÀëϸ°ûÖеĺ˵°°×£¬SDS »¹ÄÜÓëµ°°×ÖʽáºÏ¶ø³Áµí£» µ°°×øKÄÜË®½âÏû»¯µ°°×ÖÊ£¬ÌرðÊÇÓëDNA½áºÏµÄ×éµ°°×£¬ÔÙÓÃÓлúÈܼÁ·ÓÓëÂȷ³éÌáµôµ°°×ÖʺÍÆäËüϸ°û×é·Ý£¬ÓÃÒÒ´¼»òÒì±û´¼³ÁµíºËËá¡£ÌáÈ¡µÄºËËá¼´¿É×÷Ϊģ°åÓÃÓÚPCR·´Ó¦¡£Ò»°ãÁÙ´²¼ì²â±ê±¾£¬¿É²ÉÓÿìËÙ¼ò±ãµÄ·½·¨Èܽâϸ°û£¬ÁѽⲡԭÌ壬Ïû»¯³ýȥȾɫÌåµÄµ°°×ÖÊʹ°Ð»ùÒòÓÎÀ룬ֱ½ÓÓÃÓÚPCRÀ©Ôö¡£RNAÄ£°åÌáÈ¡Ò»°ã²ÉÓÃÒìÁòÇèËáëÒ»òµ°°×øK·¨£¬Òª·ÀÖ¹RNase½µ½âRNA¡£

Mg2+Ũ¶È¡¡Mg2+¶ÔPCRÀ©ÔöµÄÌØÒìÐԺͲúÁ¿ÓÐÏÔÖøµÄÓ°Ï죬ÔÚÒ»°ãµÄPCR·´Ó¦ÖУ¬¸÷ÖÖdNTPŨ¶ÈΪ200umol/Lʱ£¬Mg2+Ũ¶ÈΪ1.5¡«2.0mmol/LΪÒË¡£Mg2+Ũ¶È¹ý¸ß£¬·´Ó¦ÌØÒìÐÔ½µµÍ£¬³öÏÖ·ÇÌØÒìÀ©Ôö£¬Å¨¶È¹ýµÍ»á½µµÍTaq DNA¾ÛºÏøµÄ»îÐÔ£¬Ê¹·´Ó¦²úÎï¼õÉÙ¡£

PCR·´Ó¦Ìõ¼þµÄÑ¡Ôñ

PCR·´Ó¦Ìõ¼þΪζȡ¢Ê±¼äºÍÑ­»·´ÎÊý¡£
ζÈÓëʱ¼äµÄÉèÖ㺠»ùÓÚPCRÔ­ÀíÈý²½Öè¶øÉèÖñäÐÔ-ÍË»ð-ÑÓÉìÈý¸öζȵ㡣ÔÚ±ê×¼·´Ó¦ÖвÉÓÃÈýζȵ㷨£¬Ë«Á´DNAÔÚ90¡«95¡æ±äÐÔ£¬ÔÙѸËÙÀäÈ´ÖÁ40 ¡«60¡æ£¬ÒýÎïÍ˻𲢽áºÏµ½°ÐÐòÁÐÉÏ£¬È»ºó¿ìËÙÉýÎÂÖÁ70¡«75¡æ£¬ÔÚTaq DNA ¾ÛºÏøµÄ×÷ÓÃÏ£¬Ê¹ÒýÎïÁ´ÑØÄ£°åÑÓÉì¡£¶ÔÓڽ϶̰лùÒò(³¤¶ÈΪ100¡«300bpʱ)¿É²ÉÓöþζȵ㷨£¬ ³ý±äÐÔζÈÍâ¡¢ÍË»ðÓëÑÓÉìζȿɺ϶þΪһ£¬Ò»°ã²ÉÓÃ94¡æ±äÐÔ£¬65¡æ×óÓÒÍË»ðÓëÑÓÉì(´ËζÈTaq DNAøÈÔÓнϸߵĴ߻¯»îÐÔ)¡£
¢Ù±äÐÔζÈÓëʱ¼ä£º±äÐÔζȵͣ¬½âÁ´²»ÍêÈ«Êǵ¼ÖÂPCRʧ°ÜµÄ×îÖ÷ÒªÔ­Òò¡£Ò»°ãÇé¿öÏ£¬93¡æ¡«94¡æmin×ãÒÔʹģ°åDNA±äÐÔ£¬ÈôµÍÓÚ93¡æÔòÐèÑÓ³¤Ê±¼ä£¬µ«Î¶Ȳ»Äܹý¸ß£¬ÒòΪ¸ßλ·¾³¶ÔøµÄ»îÐÔÓÐÓ°Ïì¡£´Ë²½Èô²»ÄÜʹ°Ð»ùÒòÄ£°å»òPCR²úÎïÍêÈ«±äÐÔ£¬¾Í»áµ¼ÖÂPCRʧ°Ü¡£
¢ÚÍË»ð(¸´ÐÔ)ζÈÓëʱ¼ä£ºÍË»ðζÈÊÇÓ°ÏìPCRÌØÒìÐԵĽÏÖØÒªÒòËØ¡£±äÐÔºóζȿìËÙÀäÈ´ÖÁ40¡æ¡«60¡æ£¬¿ÉʹÒýÎïºÍÄ£°å·¢Éú½áºÏ¡£ÓÉÓÚÄ£°åDNA ±ÈÒýÎ︴Ôӵö࣬ÒýÎïºÍÄ£°åÖ®¼äµÄÅöײ½áºÏ»ú»áÔ¶Ô¶¸ßÓÚÄ£°å»¥²¹Á´Ö®¼äµÄÅöײ¡£ÍË»ðζÈÓëʱ¼ä£¬È¡¾öÓÚÒýÎïµÄ³¤¶È¡¢¼î»ù×é³É¼°ÆäŨ¶È£¬»¹ÓалùÐòÁеij¤¶È¡£¶ÔÓÚ20¸öºËÜÕËᣬG+Cº¬Á¿Ô¼50%µÄÒýÎ55¡æΪѡÔñ×îÊÊÍË»ðζȵÄÆðµã½ÏΪÀíÏë¡£ÒýÎïµÄ¸´ÐÔζȿÉͨ¹ýÒÔϹ«Ê½°ïÖúÑ¡ÔñºÏÊʵÄζȣº
¡¡ TmÖµ(½âÁ´Î¶È)=4(G+C)£«2(A+T)
¡¡ ¸´ÐÔζÈ=TmÖµ-(5¡«10¡æ)
ÔÚTmÖµÔÊÐí·¶Î§ÄÚ£¬ Ñ¡Ôñ½Ï¸ßµÄ¸´ÐÔζȿɴó´ó¼õÉÙÒýÎïºÍÄ£°å¼äµÄ·ÇÌØÒìÐÔ½áºÏ£¬ Ìá¸ßPCR·´Ó¦µÄÌØÒìÐÔ¡£¸´ÐÔʱ¼äÒ»°ãΪ30¡«60sec£¬×ãÒÔʹÒýÎïÓëÄ£°åÖ®¼äÍêÈ«½áºÏ¡£
¢ÛÑÓÉìζÈÓëʱ¼ä£ºTaq DNA¾ÛºÏøµÄÉúÎïѧ»îÐÔ£º
¡¡ 70¡«80¡æ 150ºËÜÕËá/S/ø·Ö×Ó
¡¡ 70¡æ 60ºËÜÕËá/S/ø·Ö×Ó
¡¡ 55¡æ 24ºËÜÕËá/S/ø·Ö×Ó
¡¡ ¸ßÓÚ90¡æʱ£¬ DNAºÏ³É¼¸ºõ²»ÄܽøÐС£
PCR·´Ó¦µÄÑÓÉìζÈÒ»°ãÑ¡ÔñÔÚ70¡«75¡æÖ®¼ä£¬³£ÓÃζÈΪ72¡æ£¬¹ý¸ßµÄÑÓÉìζȲ»ÀûÓÚÒýÎïºÍÄ£°åµÄ½áºÏ¡£PCRÑÓÉì·´Ó¦µÄʱ¼ä£¬¿É¸ù¾Ý´ýÀ©ÔöƬ¶ÎµÄ³¤¶È¶ø¶¨£¬Ò»°ã1KbÒÔÄÚµÄDNAƬ¶Î£¬ÑÓÉìʱ¼ä1minÊÇ×ã¹» µÄ¡£3¡«4kbµÄ°ÐÐòÁÐÐè3¡«4min£»À©Ôö10KbÐèÑÓÉìÖÁ15min¡£ÑÓÉì½ø¼ä¹ý³¤»áµ¼Ö·ÇÌØÒìÐÔÀ©Ôö´øµÄ³öÏÖ¡£¶ÔµÍŨ¶ÈÄ£°åµÄÀ©Ôö£¬ÑÓÉìʱ¼äÒªÉÔ³¤Ð©¡£

[Ó¡ÏóÅÉ (2-8 16:41, Long long ago)] [ ´«Í³°æ | sForum ][µÇ¼ºó»Ø¸´]12Â¥

(ÒýÓà ӡÏóÅÉ:ÉúÎïÊÔÑé¼¼Êõ)ϸ°ûÅàÑø»ù±¾¼¼Êõ¸ÅÊöÎÞ¾ú²Ù×÷»ù±¾¼¼Êõ

1. ʵÑé½øÐÐÇ°£¬ÎÞ¾úÊÒ¼°ÎÞ¾ú²Ù×÷̨(laminar flow) ÒÔ×ÏÍâµÆÕÕÉä30-60 ·ÖÖÓÃð¾ú£¬ÒÔ70 %
ethanol ²ÁÊÃÎÞ¾ú²Ù×÷̧Ã棬²¢¿ªÆôÎÞ¾ú²Ù×÷̨·çÉÈÔËת10 ·ÖÖӺ󣬲ſªÊ¼ÊµÑé²Ù×÷¡£Ã¿
´Î²Ù×÷Ö»´¦ÀíÒ»Öêϸ°ûÖ꣬ÇÒ¼´Ê¹ÅàÑø»ùÏàͬÒ಻¹²ÏíÅàÑø»ù£¬ÒÔ±ÜÃâʧÎó»ìÏý»òϸ°û¼ä
ÎÛȾ¡£ÊµÑéÍê±Ïºó£¬½«ÊµÑéÎïÆ·´ø³ö¹¤×÷̨£¬ÒÔ70 % ethanol ²ÁÊÃÎÞ¾ú²Ù×÷̧Ãæ¡£²Ù×÷¼ä
¸ôÓ¦ÈÃÎÞ¾ú²Ù×÷̨ÔËת10 ·ÖÖÓÒÔÉϺó£¬ÔÙ½øÐÐÏÂÒ»¸öϸ°ûÖêÖ®²Ù×÷¡£
2. ÎÞ¾ú²Ù×÷¹¤×÷ÇøÓòÓ¦±£³ÖÇå½à¼°¿í³¨£¬±ØÒªÎïÆ·£¬ÀýÈçÊԹܼܡ¢Îü¹ÜÎüÈ¡Æ÷»òÎü¹ÜºÐµÈ¿É
ÒÔÔÝʱ·ÅÖã¬ÆäËüʵÑéÓÃÆ·ÓÃÍê¼´Ó¦ÒƳö£¬ÒÔÀûÓÚÆøÁ÷Ö®Á÷ͨ¡£ÊµÑéÓÃÆ·ÒÔ70 % ethanol ²Á
Êúó²Å´øÈëÎÞ¾ú²Ù×÷̨ÄÚ¡£ÊµÑé²Ù×÷Ó¦ÔÚ̧ÃæÖ®ÖÐÑëÎÞ¾úÇøÓò£¬ÎðÔÚ±ßÔµÖ®·ÇÎÞ¾úÇøÓò²Ù
×÷¡£
3. СÐÄÈ¡ÓÃÎÞ¾ú֮ʵÑéÎïÆ·£¬±ÜÃâÔì³ÉÎÛȾ¡£ÎðÅö´¥Îü¹Ü¼âÍ·²¿»òÊÇÈÝÆ÷Æ¿¿Ú£¬Ò಻ҪÔÚ´ò
¿ªÖ®ÈÝÆ÷ÕýÉÏ·½²Ù×÷ʵÑé¡£ÈÝÆ÷´ò¿ªºó£¬ÒÔÊÖ¼Ðסƿ¸Ç²¢ÎÕסƿÉí£¬ÇãбԼ45¡ã ½ÇÈ¡Óã¬
¾¡Á¿Îð½«Æ¿¸Ç¸Ç¿Ú³¯ÉÏ·ÅÖÃ×ÀÃæ¡£
4. ¹¤×÷ÈËԱӦעÒâ×ÔÉíÖ®°²È«£¬Ðë´©´÷ʵÑéÒ¼°ÊÖÌ׺ó²Å½øÐÐʵÑé¡£¶ÔÓÚÀ´×ÔÈËÀà»òÊDz¡¶¾
¸ÐȾ֮ϸ°ûÖêÓ¦ÌرðСÐIJÙ×÷£¬²¢Ñ¡ÔñÊʵ±µÈ¼¶Ö®ÎÞ¾ú²Ù×÷̨(ÖÁÉÙClass II)¡£²Ù×÷¹ý³Ì
ÖУ¬Ó¦±ÜÃâÒýÆðaerosol Ö®²úÉú£¬Ð¡ÐĶ¾ÐÔÒ©Æ·£¬ÀýÈçDMSO ¼°TPA µÈ£¬²¢±ÜÃâ¼âÈñ
ÕëÍ·Ö®É˺¦µÈ¡£
5. ¶¨ÆÚ¼ì²âÏÂÁÐÏîÄ¿£º
5.1. CO2 ¸ÖÆ¿Ö®CO2 ѹÁ¦
5.2. CO2 ÅàÑøÏäÖ®CO2 Ũ¶È¡¢Î¶ȡ¢¼°Ë®ÅÌÊÇ·ñÓÐÎÛȾ(Ë®Å̵ÄË®ÓÃÎÞ¾úË®£¬Ã¿Öܸü»»)¡£
5.3. ÎÞ¾ú²Ù×÷̨ÄÚÖ®airflow ѹÁ¦£¬¶¨ÆÚ¸ü»»×ÏÍâÏߵƹܼ°HEPA ¹ýÂËĤ£¬Ô¤ÂËÍø(300
Сʱ/Ô¤ÂËÍø£¬3000 Сʱ/HEPA)¡£
6. Ë®²Û¿ÉÌí¼ÓÏû¶¾¼Á(Zephrin 1:750)£¬¶¨ÆÚ¸ü»»Ë®²ÛµÄË®¡£

ʵÑéÓÃÆ·
1. ÖÖÀà©U
1.1. ϸ°ûÅàÑøʵÑéÓÃÆ·¾ùΪÎÞ¾ú£¬³ýÁ˲£Á§ÈÝÆ÷Óëpasteur pipet Í⣬ÆäËü¾ùΪËÜÁÏÎÞ¾ú
ÖÆÆ·¡£
1.2. TC ¼¶ÅàÑøÅ̱íÃæ¾ùÓÐcoating ¸ß·Ö×ÓÎïÖÊÒÔÈÃϸ°ûÎü¸½£¬ÅàÑøÈÝÆ÷ÖÖÀàÓÐTflask,
plates, dishes, roller bottle µÈ£¬ÒÀʵÑéÐèҪʹÓá£
1.3. plastic sterile pipet: 1 ml, 2 ml,5 ml, 10 ml, 25 ml
1.4. ËÜÁÏÀëÐĹÜ: 15 ml, 50 ml£¬¾ùÓÐ2 ÖÖ²»Í¬²ÄÖÊ£¬ÆäÖÐpolypropylene (PP) Ϊ²»Í¸
Ã÷²ÄÖÊ£¬polystyrene (PS) Ϊ͸Ã÷²ÄÖÊ£¬¿ÉÒÀʵÑéÐèÒª¶øÑ¡ÔñÊʺϲÄÖÊÖ®ÀëÐĹܡ£
1.5. glass pastuer pipet: 9 inch£¬ÓÃÒÔ³éµô·ÏÆúÅàÑøÒºµÈ¡£
1.6. ²£Á§ÑªÇåÆ¿(Pyrex or Duran glassware)£º100 ml, 250 ml,500 ml,1000 ml
2. ÇåÏ´©U
2.1. йº²£Á§ÑªÇåÆ¿ÏÈÒÔ0.1~0.05 N HCl ½þÅÝÊýСʱ£¬Ï´¾»ºó²Å¿ªÊ¼Ê¹Óá£
2.2. ÓùýÖ®²£Á§ÑªÇåÆ¿£¬ÒÔ¸ßѹÕôÆûÃð¾ú£¬Ï´¾»ºó·Ö±ðÓÃÒ»´ÎÓë¶þ´ÎÈ¥Àë×ÓË®³åÏ´¸É
¾»£¬Îð¼ÓÇå½à¼ÁÇåÏ´¡£
3. Ãð¾ú©U
3.1. ʵÑéÓò£Á§ÑªÇåÆ¿ÒÔÂÁ²­Ö½°ü¸²Æ¿¸Ç£¬¸ßѹÕôÆûÃð¾ú121 oC, 15 lb, 20 ·ÖÖÓ£¬ÖÃÓÚ
oven Öкæ¸É¡£
3.2. ʵÑéÓò£Á§pasteur pipet ÒÔ¸ÉÈÈÃð¾ú170 oC, 4 Сʱ¡£
3.3. ÒºÌå»òÊǹÌÌå·ÏÆúÎï¿ÉÓÃ10 % hypochloride ÈÜÒº(´ÎÂÈËᣬ¼´Æ¯°×Ë®) »òÊÇÕôÆû¸ß
ѹÃð¾ú121 oC, 15 lb, 20 ·ÖÖÓ´¦Àí¡£

ÅàÑø»ù
1. ÒºÌåÅàÑø»ùÖü´æÓÚ4 oC ±ùÏ䣬±ÜÃâ¹âÕÕ£¬ÊµÑé½øÐÐÇ°·ÅÔÚ37 oC Ë®²ÛÖÐÎÂÈÈ¡£
2. ÒºÌåÅàÑø»ù(¼ÓѪÇå) ´æ·ÅÆÚΪÁù¸öÔ£¬ÆÚ¼äglutamine ¿ÉÄÜ»á·Ö½â£¬Èôϸ°ûÉú³¤²»¼Ñ£¬
¿ÉÒÔÔÙÌí¼ÓÊÊÁ¿glutamine¡£
3. ·ÛÄ©ÅàÑø»ùÅäÖÆ(ÒÔ1 ÉýΪÀý)£º
3.1. ϸ°ûÅàÑø»ùͨ³£ÐëÌí¼Ó10 % ѪÇ壬Òò´Ë·ÛÄ©ÅàÑø»ùÖ®ÅäÖÆÌå»ýΪ900 ml£¬pH Ϊ
7.2 - 7.4¡£NaHCO3 ΪÁíÍâÌí¼Ó£¬Èô½«NaHCO3 ·ÛÄ©Ö±½Ó¼ÓÈëÒºÌåÅàÑø»ùÖлáÔì³É
pH Ö®Îó²î£¬»ò¾Ö²¿¹ý¼î¡£Òò´Ë·ÛÄ©ÅàÑø»ù¼°NaHCO3 ·ÛÄ©Ó¦·Ö±ðÈܽâºó²Å»ìºÏ£¬
È»ºóÓÃCO2 ÆøÌåµ÷ÕûpH£¬¶ø·ÇÓÃÇ¿Ëá(HCl)»òÇ¿¼î(NaOH)£¬ÒòΪÂÈÀë×Ó¶Ôϸ°ûÉú
³¤¿ÉÄÜÓÐÓ°Ï죬ÇÒÖü´æʱÅàÑø»ùµÄpH Ò×·¢Éú¸Ä±ä¡£
3.2. ²ÄÁÏ£º
3.2.1. ´¿Ë®(milli-Q Ë®»ò¶þ´ÎÖÁÈý´ÎÕôÁóË®£¬Ë®Æ·Öʷdz£ÖØÒª)
3.2.2. ·ÛÄ©ÅàÑø»ù
3.2.3. NaHCO3 (Sigma S-4019)
3.2.4. µç´Å½Á°èÆ÷
3.2.5. ÎÞ¾úѪÇåÆ¿
3.2.6. 0.1 »ò0.2 mmÎÞ¾ú¹ýÂËĤ
3.2.7. pH meter
3.2.8. Õæ¿Õ°ïÆÖ
3.2.9. CO2 ÆøÌå
3.3. ²½Ö裺
3.3.1. È¡·ÛÄ©ÅàÑø»ùÈÜÓÚ700 ml milli-Q Ë®ÖУ¬½Á°èʹÆäÈܽ⡣
3.3.2. ³ÆÈ¡ÊÊÁ¿Ö®NaHCO3 ·ÛÄ©(ÊýÁ¿ÒÀÅàÑø»ùÖÖÀà¶øÒ죬±íÒ»)ÈÜÓÚ200ml
milli-Q Ë®ÖУ¬½Á°èʹÆäÈܽ⣬ȻºóͨÈëCO2 ÆøÌåÖÁ±¥ºÍ£¬Ô¼3-5 ·ÖÖÓ¡£
3.3.3. ½«ÈܽâÇÒº¬±¥ºÍCO2 Ö®NaHCO3 ÈÜÒº¼ÓÈëÈܽâÖ®ÒºÌåÅàÑø»ùÖлìºÏ¡£»ìºó
ÈÜÒºÖ®pH ӦΪ7.2-7.4£¬³ý·ÇpH ֵƫ²îÌ«´ó£¬·ñÔò²»ÐèÓÃËá¼îÔÙµ÷ÕûÖ®¡£
ÈôΪ̫¼î£¬¿ÉÔÙͨÈëCO2 ÆøÌåµ÷ÕûpH¡£ÅàÑø»ùÒÔÕæ¿Õ°ïÆÖͨ¹ý¹ýÂËĤʱ£¬
pH »áÉý¸ß0.1-0.2¡£
3.3.4. ÒÔ0.1 »ò0.2 mm ÎÞ¾ú¹ýÂËĤ¹ýÂËÃð¾ú£¬Í¬Ê±·Ö×°ÖÁÎÞ¾úÈÝÆ÷ÖУ¬±êʾÅàÑø
»ùÖÖÀà¡¢ÈÕÆÚ¡¢Æ¿ºÅµÈ£¬Öü´æÓÚ4 oC¡£(ѪÇåÒà¿É¼ÓÈëÅàÑø»ùÖÐÒ»Æð¹ýÂË)
3.3.5. ÅäÖÆÖ®ÅàÑø»ùÅäÖÆÐë×÷Éú³¤ÊÔÑéÓëÎÛȾ²âÊÔ¡£
4. ÅäÖÆÅàÑø»ùÖ®Éú³¤²âÊÔ
4.1. ²ÄÁÏ£º
4.1.1. MDCK cell (ATCC CCL-34 »òCCRC 60004)
4.1.2. 6-well TC plate (or 35 mm TC dish)
4.1.3. methanol
4.1.4. glacial acetic acid
4.1.5. 10 % Giemsa solution (GibcoBRL 10092-013)

4.2. ²½Ö裺
4.2.1. ÒÔ´ý²âÊÔÅàÑø»ùÅàÑøMDCK cell£¬½ÓÖÖMDCK ϸ°ûÓÚ6-well plate (»ò35
mm TC dish) ÖУ¬Ã¿¸öwell ½ÓÖÖ1 ¡Á 102 »îϸ°û£¬Í¬Ê±×÷¶ÔÕÕ×éʵÑé¡£
4.2.2. ½ÓÖÖ5¡«7 Ììºó£¬ÔÚ100 ±¶µ¹Á¢ÏÔ΢¾µ×÷¹Û²ìϸ°ûȺÂäÖ®Éú³¤£¬´ýϸ°ûȺ
Âä´óµ½¿ÉÒÔÈâÑ۹۲죬¶øȺÂä¼ä²»»¥Ïà½Ó´¥Ê±¼´¿É¡£
4.2.3. È¥³ýÅàÑø»ù£¬¼ÓÈë1 ml Carnoy's ¹Ì¶¨Òº(¼×´¼£º±ù´×Ëá©„ 3:1)£¬ÊÒÎÂϾ²
ÖÃ10 min¡£
4.2.4. È¥³ý¹Ì¶¨Òº£¬Ë®Ï´¶þ´Î¡£
4.2.5. ¼ÓÈë1 ml 10 % Giemsa solution£¬£¬ÊÒÎÂϾ²ÖÃȾɫ2-3 min¡£
4.2.6. È¥³ýȾҺ£¬Ë®Ï´¶þ´Î¡£
4.2.7. ÒÔÈâÑÛ¼ÆÊýȺÂäÊý£¬²¢±È½ÏÖ®£¬ÈôÐÂÅäÖÆ»òÐÂÅúºÅµÄÅàÑø»ù¶Ôϸ°ûÉú³¤²»
¼Ñ£¬Ôò¶ªÆúÖ®¡£

¿¹ÉúËØ
1. ϸ°û¿â֮ϸ°ûÅàÑø»ù²»¼Ó¿¹ÉúËØ
1.1. ÅàÑø×ÔATCC Òý½ø֮ϸ°ûÖ꣬ÅàÑø»ùÖв»¼Ó¿¹ÉúËØ¡£
1.2. ÅàÑø×ÔÆäËüʵÑéÊÒÒý½ø֮ϸ°ûÖ꣬ÖÆ×÷token freeze Ç°ÅàÑø»ùÐëÌí¼Ó¿¹ÉúËØ£¬´ý
token freeze ͨ¹ýÎÛȾ²âÊԺ󣬴óÁ¿ÅàÑøʱÔò²»¼Ó¿¹ÉúËØ¡£
2. ¼ÄËÍ»îϸ°ûʱ£¬Ð뽫ÅàÑøÒº³äÂúÕû¸öflask ʱ£¬ÔòÐëÌí¼Ó¿¹ÉúËØ(penicillin 100 units/ml +
streptomycin 100 ug/ml)¡£
3. ÈôÒª¼ì²âmycoplasma£¬ÔòÅàÑø»ùÄÚ²»¿ÉÌí¼Ógentamicin£¬Òògentamicin »áÒÖÖÆ
mycoplasma Éú³¤¡£
4. È¥³ýϸ¾úÎÛȾ֮¿¹ÉúËØ»ìºÏÅä·½: penicillin 250 units/ml, streptomycin 250 ug/ml, neomycin
250 ug/ml, bacitracin 2.5 units/ml£¬×¢Òâ»ìºÏʹÓúóÒ©ÎﶾÐÔ»áÔöÇ¿¡£
5. ¿¹ÉúËØʹÓÃÖÖÀàÓëŨ¶È£º
¹¤×÷Ũ¶È. ´¢´æζÈ. ɱÃðϸ¾ú
penicillin 100 units/ml -20¡æ G(+) bacteria
streptomycin 100 ug/ml -20¡æ G(+) and G(-) bacteria
chlotetracycline 50 ug/ml -20¡æ G(+) and G(-) bacteria
gentamicin 50 ug/ml -20¡æ G(+) and G(-) bacteria, mycoplasma
amphotericin B 2.5 ug/ml -20¡æ yeast and molds
nystatin 50 ug/ml -20¡æ yeast and molds
fungizone 2.5ug/ml -20¡æ yeast and molds

ѪÇå
1. ѪÇå±ØÐëÖü´æÓÚ¨C20 ¡« -70 oC£¬Èô´æ·ÅÓÚ4 oC£¬ÇëÎ𳬹ýÒ»¸öÔ¡£Èç¹ûÒ»´ÎÎÞ·¨ÓÃÍêÒ»
Æ¿£¬¿É½«40¡«45 ml ·Ö×°ÓÚÎÞ¾ú50 ml ÀëÐĹÜÖУ¬ÓÉÓÚѪÇå½á¶³Ê±Ìå»ý»áÔö¼ÓÔ¼10 %£¬
±ØÐëÔ¤Áô´ËÅòÕÍÌå»ýÖ®¿Õ¼ä£¬·ñÔòÒ×·¢ÉúÎÛȾ»òÈÝÆ÷¶³ÁÑÖ®ÇéÐΡ£
2. Ò»°ã³§ÉÌÌṩ֮ѪÇåΪÎÞ¾ú£¬²»ÐèÔÙÎÞ¾ú¹ýÂË¡£Èô·¢ÏÖѪÇåÓÐÐí¶àÐü¸¡ÎÔò¿É½«ÑªÇå¼Ó
ÈëÅàÑø»ùÄÚÒ»Æð¹ýÂË£¬ÎðÖ±½Ó¹ýÂËѪÇå¡£
3. ƿװ(500ml) ѪÇå½â¶³²½Öè(Ö𲽽ⶳ·¨): -20 oC »ò¨C70 oC ÖÁ4 oC ±ùÏäÈܽâÒ»Ì죬ÖÁÊÒ
ÎÂÏÂÈ«ÈܺóÔÙ·Ö×°£¬Ò»°ãÒÔ50 ml ÎÞ¾úÀëÐĹܿɷÖ×°40¡«45 ml¡£ÔÚÈܽâ¹ý³ÌÖÐÐë¹æÔòÒ¡
»Î¾ùÔÈ(СÐÄÎðÔì³ÉÆøÅÝ)£¬Ê¹Î¶ÈÓë³É·Ö¾ùÒ»£¬¼õÉÙÉòµíµÄ·¢Éú¡£ÎðÖ±½ÓÓɨC20 oC Ö±½Ó
ÖÁ37 oC ½â¶³£¬ÒòζȸıäÌ«´ó£¬ÈÝÒ×Ôì³Éµ°°×ÖÊÄý½á¶ø·¢ÉúÉòµí¡£
4. heat-inactivation ÊÇÖ¸56 oC, 30 ·ÖÖÓ¼ÓÈÈÒÑÍêÈ«½â¶³Ö®ÑªÇå¡£¼ÓÈȹý³ÌÖÐÐë¹æÔòÒ¡»Î¾ù
ÔÈ¡£´ËÈÈ´¦Àí֮ĿµÄÊÇʹѪÇåÖÐÖ®²¹Ìå³É·Ý(complement) È¥»î»¯¡£³ý·Ç±ØÐ룬һ°ã²»½¨
Òé×÷´ËÈÈ´¦Àí£¬ÒòΪ»áÔì³ÉÉòµíÎïÖ®ÏÔÖøÔö¶à£¬ÇÒ»áÓ°ÏìѪÇå֮ƷÖÊ¡£²¹Ìå²ÎÓëÖ®·´Ó¦ÓУº
cytolytic activities, contraction of smooth muscle, release of histamine from mast cells and
platelets, enhanced phagocytosis, chemotaxis and activation of lymphocytic and macrophage cell
type¡£
5. Îð½«ÑªÇåÖÃÓÚ37 oC Ì«¾Ã£¬ÈôÔÚ37 oC ·ÅÖÃÌ«¾Ã£¬ÑªÇå»á±äµÃ»ì×Ç£¬Í¬Ê±ÑªÇåÖÐÐí¶à½Ï
²»Îȶ¨Ö®³É·ÝÒà»áÒò´ËÊܵ½ÆÆ»µ£¬¶øÓ°ÏìѪÇå֮ƷÖÊ¡£
6. ѪÇåÖ®ÉòµíÎï
6.1. ÄýÐõÎ·¢ÉúÖ®Ô­ÒòÓÐÐí¶àÖÖ£¬µ«ÆÕ±éÖ®Ô­ÒòÊÇѪÇåÖÐÖ®Ö¬µ°°×(lipoprotein) ±äÐÔ
¼°½â¶³ºóѪÇåÖдæÔÚ֮ѪÏËάµ°°×(fibrin) Ôì³É£¬ÕâЩÄýÐõÉòµíÎï²»»áÓ°ÏìѪÇå±¾
Éí֮ƷÖÊ¡£ÈôÓû¼õÉÙÕâЩÄýÐõÉòµíÎ¿ÉÓÃÀëÐÄ3000 rpm, 5 min È¥³ý£¬»òÀëÐĺóÉÏ
ÇåÒº¿ÉÒÔ¼ÓÈëÅàÑø»ùÖÐÒ»Æð¹ýÂË¡£²»½¨ÒéÓùýÂ˲½ÖèÈ¥³ýÕâЩÄýÐõÉòµíÎÒòΪ»á
×èÈû¹ýÂËĤ¡£
6.2. ÏÔ΢¾µÏ¹۲ìÖ®¡°Ð¡ºÚµã¡±£ºÍ¨³£¾­¹ýÈÈ´¦Àí֮ѪÇ壬ÉòµíÎïµÄÐγɻáÏÔÖøµÄÔö¶à¡£
ÓÐЩÉòµíÎïÔÚÏÔ΢¾µÏ¹۲ìÏñÊÇ¡°Ð¡ºÚµã¡±£¬³£»áÎóÈÏΪѪÇåÔâÊÜÎÛȾ£¬¶ø½«ÑªÇå
·ÅÔÚ37 oC ÖÐÓûÅàÑø´Ë¡°Î¢ÉúÎï¡°£¬µ«ÔÚ37 oC »·¾³Ï£¬ÓÖ»áʹ´ËÉòµíÎïÔö¶à£¬¸ü
»áÎóÈÏΪ΢ÉúÎïÖ®ÔöÖ³£¬µ«ÒÔÅàÑøϸ¾úÖ®ÅàÑø»ù¼ì²â£¬ÓÖûÓÐÎÛȾ¡£Ò»°ã¶øÑÔ£¬´Ë
СºÚµãÓ¦²»»áÓ°Ïìϸ°ûÖ®Éú³¤£¬µ«Èô»³ÒÉ´ËѪÇå֮ƷÖÊ£¬Ó¦Á¢¼´Í£Ó㬸ü»»ÁíÒ»Åú
ºÅµÄѪÇå¡£
7. ѪÇåÖ®Éú³¤²âÊÔ
7.1. ²ÄÁÏ£º
7.1.1. MDCK cell (ATCC CCL-34 »òCCRC 60004)
7.1.2. a-MEM (alpha modified minimal essential medium, GibcoBRL 12000-022 )
7.1.3. 6-well TC plate (or 35mm TC dish)
7.1.4. methanol
7.1.5. glacial acetic acid
7.1.6. 10 % Giemsa solution(GibcoBRL 10092-013)
7.2. ²½Ö裺
7.2.1. ÒÔa-MEM with 10 % FBS (ÒѲâÊÔ¹ý) ÅàÑøMDCK ϸ°ûÓÚT75 flask ÖÁ80
% confluency¡£
7.2.2. ÒÔtrypsin-EDTA ´¦Àíϸ°û£¬ÀëÐĺ󣬼ÓÈëÊÊÁ¿²»¼ÓѪÇåÖ®a-MEM ÖƳÉϸ
°ûÐü¸¡Òº£¬²¢²âϸ°ûŨ¶È¡£ÒÔ²»¼ÓѪÇåÖ®a-MEM Ï¡ÊÍϸ°ûŨ¶ÈΪ1¡Á102 »î
ϸ°ûÊý/ ml¡£
7.2.3. ½«1 ml ϸ°ûÐü¸¡Òº½ÓÖÖÈë6-well plate ÖУ¬²¢Áí¼ÓÈë1 ml º¬²»Í¬Å¨¶ÈµÄѪ
Çå(20 % , 10 % , 4 % , 2 % , 1 % , 0.4 %) Ö®a-MEM£¬Ê¹ÑªÇå×îÖÕŨ¶ÈΪ10
% , 5 % , 2 % , 1 % , 0.5 % , 0.2 %¡£ÓÃÒѲâÊÔ¹ý֮ѪÇåͬʱ½øÐжÔÕÕ×éÊÔÑé¡£
7.2.4. 37 oC£¬5 % CO2 ÅàÑøÏäÅàÑø5-7 Ì죬Æڼ䲻Ðè¸ü»»ÅàÑø»ù£¬´ýϸ°ûȺÂä´ó
µ½¿ÉÒÔÈâÑ۹۲죬¶øȺÂä¼ä²»»¥Ïà½Ó´¥¼´¿É¡£
7.2.5. È¥³ýÅàÑø»ù£¬¼ÓÈë1 ml Carnoy's ¹Ì¶¨Òº(¼×´¼:±ù´×Ëá©„ 3:1)£¬ÊÒÎÂϾ²
ÖÃ10 min¡£
7.2.6. È¥³ý¹Ì¶¨Òº£¬Ë®Ï´¶þ´Î¡£
7.2.7. ¼ÓÈë1 ml 10 % Giemsa solution£¬£¬ÊÒÎÂϾ²ÖÃȾɫ2-3 min¡£
7.2.8. È¥³ýȾҺ£¬Ë®Ï´¶þ´Î¡£
7.2.9. ÒÔÈâÑÛ¼ÆÊýȺÂäÊý
7.2.10. ¼ÆËãSPE ( Serum Plating Efficiency )£º
SPE = ( no. of colonies / well ) / 100 x 100 %
7.2.11. ¼ÆËãRPE(Relative Plating Efficiency)£º
SPE = [ total colonies of six well (test) / Total colonies of six well (control) ] x100 %
7.3. ±È½Ï¸÷Ũ¶ÈѪÇåÅàÑø»ùÖ®RPE£¬¼´¿ÉµÃÖª´ý²âѪÇå¶Ôϸ°ûÉú³¤µÄÓ°Ïì¡£
7.4. ¶©¹º¶àÁ¿Í¬Ò»ÅúºÅµÄÓÅÁ¼ÑªÇ壬ÖÃÓÚ¨C70 oC ±£´æÖ®

À䶳ϸ°û»î»¯
1. À䶳ϸ°ûÖ®»î»¯Ô­ÔòΪ¿ìËٽⶳ£¬ÒÔ±ÜÃâ±ù¾§ÖØнᾧ¶ø¶Ôϸ°ûÔì³ÉÉ˺¦£¬µ¼ÖÂϸ°ûÖ®ËÀ
Íö¡£
2. ϸ°û»î»¯ºó£¬Ô¼ÐèÊýÈÕ£¬»ò¼Ì´úÒ»ÖÁ¶þ´ú£¬Æäϸ°ûÉú³¤»òÌØÐÔ±íÏֲŻá»Ö¸´Õý³£(ÀýÈç²úÉú
µ¥Ö꿹Ìå»òÊÇÆäËüµ°°×ÖÊ)¡£
3. ²ÄÁÏ
3.1 37 oC ºãÎÂË®²Û
3.2 ÐÂÏÊÅàÑø»ù
3.3 ÎÞ¾úÎü¹Ü/ ÀëÐĹÜ/ ÅàÑøÆ¿
3.4 Òºµª»ò¸É±ùÈÝÆ÷
4. ²½Ö裺
4.1 ²Ù×÷ÈËÔ±Ó¦´÷·À»¤ÃæÕÖ¼°ÊÖÌ×£¬·ÀÖ¹À䶳¹Ü¿ÉÄܱ¬ÁÑÖ®É˺¦¡£
4.2 ×ÔÒºµª»ò¸É±ùÈÝÆ÷ÖÐÈ¡³öÀ䶳¹Ü£¬¼ì²é¸Ç×ÓÊÇ·ñÐý½ô£¬ÓÉÓÚÈÈÕÍÀäËõ¹ý³Ì£¬´Ëʱ
¸Ç×ÓÒ×Ëɵô¡£
4.3 ½«ÐÂÏÊÅàÑø»ùÖÃÓÚ37 ¡ãC Ë®²ÛÖлØΣ¬»ØκóÅçÒÔ70 % ¾Æ¾«²¢²ÁÊÃÖ®£¬ÒÆÈëÎÞ
¾ú²Ù×÷̨ÄÚ¡£
4.4 È¡³öÀ䶳¹Ü£¬Á¢¼´·ÅÈë37 ¡ãC Ë®²ÛÖпìËٽⶳ£¬ÇáÒ¡À䶳¹ÜʹÆäÔÚ1 ·ÖÖÓÄÚÈ«
²¿ÈÚ»¯£¬ÒÔ70 % ethanol ²ÁÊñ£´æ¹ÜÍⲿ£¬ÒÆÈëÎÞ¾ú²Ù×÷̨ÄÚ¡£
4.5 È¡³ö0.9 ml ½â¶³Ö®Ï¸°ûÐü¸¡Òº£¬»º»º¼ÓÈëÓÐÅàÑø»ùÖ®ÅàÑøÈÝÆ÷ÄÚ(Ï¡ÊͱÈÀýΪ
1:10¡«1:15)£¬»ìºÏ¾ùÔÈ£¬·ÅÈëCO2 ÅàÑøÏäÅàÑø¡£ÁíÈ¡0.1 ml ½â¶³Ï¸°ûÐü¸¡Òº×÷
´æ»î²âÊÔ¡£
4.6 ½â¶³ºóÊÇ·ñÁ¢¼´È¥³ýÀ䶳±£»¤¼Á(ÀýÈçDMSO »òglycerol)£¬ÒÀϸ°ûÖÖÀà¶øÒ죬
Ò»°ã¶øÑÔ£¬´ó¶¼²»ÐèÒªÁ¢¼´È¥³ýÀ䶳±£»¤¼Á¡£Î©ÈôÒªÁ¢¼´È¥³ý£¬Ôò½«½â¶³Ö®Ï¸°û
Ðü¸¡Òº¼ÓÈ뺬ÓÐ5-10 ml ÅàÑø»ùÖ®ÀëÐĹÜÄÚ£¬ÀëÐÄ1,000 rpm, 5 ·ÖÖÓ£¬ÒÆÈ¥ÉÏÇå
Òº£¬¼ÓÈëÐÂÏÊÅàÑø»ù£¬»ìºÏ¾ùÔÈ£¬·ÅÈëCO2 ÅàÑøÏäÅàÑø¡£
4.7 Èô²»ÐèÁ¢¼´È¥³ýÀ䶳±£´æ¼Á£¬ÔòÔڽⶳÅàÑøºó¸ôÈÕ¸ü»»ÅàÑø»ù¡£

ϸ°û´«´úÅàÑø
1. ϸ°ûÉú³¤ÖÁ¸ßÃܶÈʱ£¬¼´Ðë·ÖÖ³ÖÁеÄÅàÑøÆ¿ÖУ¬Ò»°ãÏ¡ÊͱÈÀýΪ1:3 ÖÁ1:6£¬ÒÀϸ°û
ÖÖÀà¶øÒì¡£
2. ²ÄÁÏ£º
2.1. ÎÞ¾úÁ×ËáÉúÀí»º³åÒº(Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline, Ca++/Mg++ free, D-PBS,
GibcoBRL 21600-010)
2.2. trypsin-EDTA solution (0.05% trypsin-0.53mM EDTA-4Na, GibcoBRL 25300-062)£º
ÒÔ10 ml ·Ö×°ÓÚ15 ml ÎÞ¾úÀëÐĹÜÖУ¬±£´æÓÚ¨C20 oC£¬Ê¹ÓÃÇ°·ÅÔÚ37 oC Ë®²Û
»ØΡ£
2.3. ÐÂÏÊÅàÑø»ù
2.4. ÎÞ¾úÎü¹Ü/ÀëÐĹÜ/ÅàÑøÆ¿
3. ²½Ö裺
3.1. ¸½×ÅÐÍ°û(adherent cell)
3.1.1. Îüµô¾ÉÅàÑøÒº¡£
3.1.2. ÓÃD-PBS Ï´µÓϸ°ûÒ»ÖÁ¶þ´Î¡£
3.1.3. ¼ÓÈëtrypsin-EDTA ÈÜÒº(1ml/25cm2, 2ml/75cm2)£¬37 oC ×÷ÓÃÊý·ÖÖÓ£¬ÓÚµ¹
Á¢ÏÔ΢¾µÏ¹۲죬µ±Ï¸°û½«Òª·ÖÀë¶ø³ÊÏÖÔ²Á£×´Ê±£¬Îüµôtrypsin-EDTA ÈÜ
Òº¡£(Èô²»ÒÆÈ¥trypsin-EDTA£¬ÔòÔÚtrypsin-EDTA ×÷Óú󣬼ÓÈëÊÊÁ¿º¬ÑªÇå
Ö®ÐÂÏÊÅàÑø»ùÖÕÖ¹trypsin ×÷Óã¬ÀëÐĺóÔÙÎüµôÉÏÇåÒº¡£)
3.1.4. ÇáÅÄÅàÑøƿʹϸ°û×ÔÆ¿±ÚÍÑÂ䣬¼ÓÈëÊÊÁ¿Ö®ÐÂÏÊÅàÑø»ù£¬ÒÔÎü¹ÜÉÏÏÂÎü·ÅÊý
´ÎÒÔ´òɢϸ°ûÍſ飬»ìºÍ¾ùÔȺó£¬ÒÀÏ¡ÊͱÈÀýתÒÆÖÁеÄÅàÑøÆ¿ÖУ¬ÒÔÕý³£
ÅàÑøÌõ¼þÅàÑø¡£
3.2. Ðü¸¡ÐÍϸ°û(suspension cell)
3.2.1. Îü³öϸ°ûÅàÑøÒº£¬·ÅÈëÀëÐĹÜÖУ¬ÀëÐÄ1000 rpm 5 ·ÖÖÓ¡£
3.2.2. ÎüµôÉÏÇåÒº£¬¼ÓÈëÊÊÁ¿Ö®ÐÂÏÊÅàÑø»ù£¬»ìºÍ¾ùÔȺó£¬ÒÀÏ¡ÊͱÈÀýתÒÆÖÁеÄ
ÅàÑøÆ¿ÖУ¬ÒÔÕý³£ÅàÑøÌõ¼þÅàÑø¡£
3.3. ÈÚºÏÁö(hybridoma)
3.3.1. ÓÐЩhybridoma cell ÐèÅàÑøÈýÌìÒÔÉϲŻá²úÉú¿¹Ì壬ÈôÊǸü»»ÅàÑø»ù£¬Ôò¿É
ÄÜ»áʧȥ¿¹Ìå¡£Òò´Ë¼Ì´úÅàÑø²»ÐèÀëÐĺó¸ü»»ÅàÑø»ù£¬Ö±½ÓÌí¼ÓÐÂÏÊÅàÑø»ù
Ï¡ÊÍϸ°ûŨ¶È¼´¿É¡£ÈôÌå»ýÌ«´ó£¬¿ÉÇãб·ÅÖ㬻ò·ÖÖ³ÖÁÐÂÅàÑøÆ¿ÖС£

ϸ°û¼ÆÊýÓë´æ»î²âÊÔ
1. Ô­Àí£º
1.1. ¼ÆËãϸ°ûÊýÄ¿¿ÉÓÃѪÇò¼ÆÊýÅÌ»òÊÇCoulter counter Á£×Ó¼ÆÊýÆ÷×Ô¶¯¼ÆÊý¡£
1.2. ѪÇò¼ÆÊýÅÌÒ»°ãÓжþ¸öchambers£¬Ã¿¸öchamber ÖÐϸ¿Ì9 ¸ö1 mm2 ´óÕý·½ÐΣ¬
ÆäÖÐ4 ¸ö½ÇÂäÖ®Õý·½ÐÎÔÙϸ¿Ì16 ¸öС¸ñ£¬Éî¶È¾ùΪ0.1 mm¡£µ±chamber ÉÏ·½
¸ÇÉϸDz£Æ¬ºó£¬Ã¿¸ö´óÕý·½ÐÎÖ®Ìå»ýΪ1 mm2 x 0.1 mm=1.0 x 10-4 ml¡£Ê¹ÓÃʱ£¬¼Æ
Êýÿ¸ö´óÕý·½ÐÎÄÚ֮ϸ°ûÊýÄ¿£¬³ËÒÔÏ¡Êͱ¶Êý£¬ÔÙ³ËÒÔ104£¬¼´ÎªÃ¿ml ÖÐ֮ϸ°û
ÊýÄ¿¡£
1.3. ´æ»î²âÊÔÖ®²½ÖèΪdye exclusion£¬ÀûÓÃȾÁÏ»áÉøÈëËÀϸ°ûÖжø³ÊÉ«£¬¶ø»îϸ°ûÒòϸ
°ûĤÍêÕû£¬È¾ÁÏÎÞ·¨ÉøÈë¶ø²»»á³ÊÉ«¡£Ò»°ãʹÓÃÀ¶É«Ö®trypan blue ȾÁÏ£¬Èç¹ûϸ
°û²»Ò×ÎüÊÕtrypan blue£¬ÔòÓúìÉ«Ö®Erythrosin bluish¡£
2. ²ÄÁÏ£º
2.1. 0.4 % w/v trypan blue (GibcoBRL 15250-061)
2.2. Erythosin bluish stain
È¡0.1 gram Erythrosin bluish (Sigma E-9259) ¼°0.05 gram preservative methyl
paraben (Sigma H-3647) ÈÜÓÚ100 ml Ca++/Mg++ free saline
2.3. ѪÇò¼ÆÊýÅ̼°¸Ç²£Æ¬(Hemocytometer and coverslip)
2.4. ¼ÆÊýÆ÷(counter)
2.5. µÍ±¶µ¹Á¢ÏÔ΢¾µ
2.6. Á£×Ó¼ÆÊýÆ÷(Coulter counter, Coulter Electronics)
3. ²½Ö裺
3.1. È¡50ml ϸ°ûÐü¸¡ÒºÓë50ml trypan blue (or Erythrosin bluish) µÈÌå»ý»ìºÏ¾ùÔÈÓÚ
1.5ml СÀëÐĹÜÖС£
3.2. È¡ÉÙÐí»ìºÏÒº(Ô¼15ml) ×ÔѪÇò¼ÆÊýÅÌchamber ÉÏ·½°¼²Û¼ÓÈ룬¸ÇÉϸDz£Æ¬£¬ÓÚ
100 ±¶µ¹Á¢ÏÔ΢¾µÏ¹۲죬»îϸ°û²»È¾É«£¬ËÀϸ°ûÔòΪÀ¶É«(»òºìÉ«- Erythrosin
bluish)¡£
3.3. ¼ÆÊýËĸö´ó·½¸ñ֮ϸ°û×ÜÊý£¬ÔÙ³ý4£¬³ËÒÔÏ¡Êͱ¶Êý(ÖÁÉÙ³ËÒÔ2£¬ÒòÓëtrypan blue
µÈÌå»ý»ìºÏ)£¬×îºó³ËÒÔ104 £¬¼´ÎªÃ¿ml ÖÐϸ°ûÐü¸¡ÒºÖ®Ï¸°ûÊý¡£Èôϸ°ûλÓÚÏß
ÉÏ£¬Ö»¼ÆÉÏÏßÓëÓÒÏß֮ϸ°û(»ò¼ÆÏÂÏßÓë×óÏß֮ϸ°û)¡£
4 ´ó¸ñ*ϸ°û×ÜÊýx 2 x 104 / 4= ϸ°ûÊý/ml
*ÿһ´ó¸ñµÄÌå»ý= 0.1cm x 0.1cm x 0.01cm = 10-4 ml
3.4. Èô²»ÓÃѪÇò¼ÆÊýÅÌ£¬¿ÉÓÃCoulter counter ×÷×Ô¶¯¼ÆÊý£¬Î©ÎÞ·¨±æ±ðËÀϸ°û»ò»îϸ
°û¡£
3.5. ·¶Àý£º
T75 monolayer culture ÖƳÉ10ml ϸ°ûÐü¸¡Òº£¬È¡0.1 ml ÈÜÒºÓë0.1ml trypan
blue »ìºÏ¾ùÔÈÓÚÊÔ¹ÜÖУ¬È¡ÉÙÐí»ìºÏÒº¼ÓÈëѪÇò¼ÆÊýÅÌ£¬¼ÆÊýËĴ󷽸ñÄÚÖ®
ϸ°ûÊýÄ¿¡£
»îϸ°ûÊý/·½¸ñ£º55 ,62, 49, 59
ËÀϸ°ûÊý/·½¸ñ£º5, 3, 4, 6
ϸ°û×ÜÊý= 243
ƽ¾ùϸ°ûÊý/·½¸ñ= 60.75
Ï¡Êͱ¶Êý= 2
ϸ°ûÊý/ml£º60.75 x 104 x 2 = 1.22 x 106
ϸ°ûÊý/flask£º 1.22 x 106 x 10ml = 12.2 x 106
´æ»îÂÊ£º225/243©„92.6 %

ϸ°ûÀ䶳±£´æ
1. ×¢ÒâÊÂÏ
1.1. ÓûÀ䶳±£´æ֮ϸ°ûÓ¦ÔÚÉú³¤Á¼ºÃ(log phase) ÇÒ´æ»îÂʸß֮״̬£¬Ô¼Îª80 ¨C 90 £¥
ÖÂÃܶȡ£
1.2. À䶳ǰ¼ì²âϸ°ûÊÇ·ñÈÔ±£ÓÐÆäÌØÓÐÐÔÖÊ£¬ÀýÈçhybridoma Ó¦ÔÚÀ䶳±£´æÇ°Ò»ÖÁ¶þ
ÈÕ²âÊÔÊÇ·ñÓп¹ÌåÖ®²úÉú¡£
1.3. ×¢ÒâÀ䶳±£»¤¼Á֮ƷÖÊ¡£DMSO ӦΪÊÔ¼Á¼¶µÈ¼¶£¬ÎÞ¾úÇÒÎÞÉ«(ÒÔ0.22 micron
FGLP Telflon ¹ýÂË»òÊÇÖ±½Ó¹ºÂòÎÞ¾ú²úÆ·£¬ÈçSigma D-2650)£¬ÒÔ5~10 ml СÌå»ý
·Ö×°£¬4 oC ±Ü¹â±£´æ£¬Îð×÷¶à´Î½â¶³¡£Glycerol ÒàӦΪÊÔ¼Á¼¶µÈ¼¶£¬ÒÔ¸ßѹÕôÆû
Ãð¾úºó±Ü¹â±£´æ¡£ÔÚ¿ªÆôºóÒ»ÄêÄÚʹÓã¬Òò³¤ÆÚ´¢´æºó¶Ôϸ°û»áÓж¾ÐÔ¡£
1.4. À䶳±£´æ֮ϸ°ûŨ¶È£º
1.4.1. normal human fibroblast: 1~3 x 106 cells/ml
1.4.2. hybridoma: 1~3 x 106 cells/ml£¬Ï¸°ûŨ¶È²»ÒªÌ«¸ß£¬Ä³Ð©hybridoma »áÒòÀ䶳
Ũ¶ÈÌ«¸ß¶øÔڽⶳ24 СʱºóËÀÈ¥¡£
1.4.3. adherent tumor lines: 5~7 x 106£¬ÒÀϸ°ûÖÖÀà¶øÒì¡£Adenocarcinoma ½â¶³ºóÐë
½Ï¸ß֮Ũ¶È£¬¶øHeLa Ö»Ðè1-3 x 106 cells/ml¡£
1.4.4. other suspensions: 5~10 x 106 cells/ml, human lymphocyte ÐëÖÁÉÙ5 x 106
cells/ml¡£
1.5. À䶳±£»¤¼ÁŨ¶ÈΪ5 »ò10 £¥ DMSO£¬ÈôÊDz»È·¶¨Ï¸°ûÖ®À䶳Ìõ¼þ£¬ÔÚ×öÀ䶳±£
´æ֮ͬʱ£¬ÒàÓ¦×÷Ò»¸öbackup culture£¬ÒÔ·ÀÖ¹À䶳ʧ°Ü¡£
1.6. À䶳·½·¨£º
1.6.1. ´«Í³·½·¨: 4 oC 10 ·ÖÖÓ---> -20 oC 30 ·ÖÖÓ---> -80 oC 16 - 18 Сʱ(»ò¸ôÒ¹)
---> Òºµª²Ûvapor phase ³¤ÆÚ´¢´æ¡£
1.6.2. ³ÌÐò½µÎ£ºÀûÓõÈËÙ½µÎ»úÒÔ¨C1 ¡« -3 oC/·ÖÖÓÖ®ËÙ¶ÈÓÉÊÒνµÖÁ¨C120 oC£¬
·ÅÔÚÒºµª²Ûvapor phase ³¤ÆÚ´¢´æ¡£ÊÊÓÃÓÚÐü¸¡ÐÍϸ°ûÓëhybridoma Ö®±£´æ¡£
2. ²ÄÁÏ£º
2.1. Éú³¤Á¼ºÃÖ®ÅàÑøϸ°û
2.2. ÐÂÏÊÅàÑø»ù
2.3. DMSO (Sigma D-2650)
2.4. ÎÞ¾úËÜÁÏÀ䶳±£´æ¹Ü(Nalgene 5000-0020)
2.5. 0.4 £¥ w/v trypan blue (GibcoBRL 15250-061)
2.6. ѪÇò¼ÆÊýÅÌÓë¸Ç²£Æ¬
2.7. µÈËÙ½µÎ»ú(KRYO 10 Series II)
3. ²½Ö裺
3.1. À䶳ǰһÈÕÇ°¸ü»»°ëÁ¿»òÈ«Á¿ÅàÑø»ù£¬¹Û²ìϸ°ûÉú³¤ÇéÐΡ£
3.2. ÅäÖÆÀ䶳±£´æÈÜÒº(ʹÓÃÇ°ÅäÖÆ)£º½«DMSO ¼ÓÈëÐÂÏÊÅàÑø»ùÖУ¬×îºóŨ¶ÈΪ5-10
£¥£¬»ìºÏ¾ùÔÈ£¬ÖÃÓÚÊÒÎÂÏ´ýÓá£
3.3. ÒÀϸ°û¼Ì´úÅàÑøÖ®²Ù×÷£¬ÊÕ¼¯ÅàÑø֮ϸ°û£¬È¡ÉÙÁ¿Ï¸°ûÐü¸¡Òº(Ô¼0.1 ml) ¼ÆÊýϸ
°ûŨ¶È¼°¶³Ç°´æ»îÂÊ¡£
3.4. ÀëÐÄ£¬È¥³ýÉÏÇåÒº£¬¼ÓÈëÊÊÁ¿À䶳±£´æÈÜÒº£¬Ê¹Ï¸°ûŨ¶ÈΪ1-5 x 106 cells/ml£¬»ì
ºÏ¾ùÔÈ£¬·Ö×°ÓÚÒѱêʾÍêÈ«Ö®À䶳±£´æ¹ÜÖУ¬1 ml/vial£¬²¢È¡ÉÙÁ¿Ï¸°ûÐü¸¡Òº×÷ÎÛ
Ⱦ¼ì²â¡£
3.5. À䶳±£´æ·½·¨1: À䶳¹ÜÖÃÓÚ4 oC 10 ·ÖÖÓ¡ú -20 oC 30 ·ÖÖÓ¡ú -80 oC 16¡«18 С
ʱ(»ò¸ôÒ¹) ¡ú Òºµª²Ûvapor phase ³¤ÆÚ´¢´æ¡£
3.6. À䶳±£´æ·½·¨2: À䶳¹ÜÖÃÓÚÒÑÉ趨³ÌÐòÖ®µÈËÙ½µÎ»úÖУ¬ÔÙ·ÅÈëÒºµª²ÛÖС£³ÌÐò
Ϊ: program 7: HB CELL

ÊÕµ½Ï¸°ûµÄ´¦Àí·½Ê½
ϸ°û»î»¯©U
1. ÊÕµ½Ï¸°ûÖê°ü¹üʱ£¬ Çë¼ì²éϸ°ûÖêÀ䶳¹ÜÊÇ·ñÓнⶳÇéÐΣ¬ ÈôÓÐÇëÁ¢¼´Í¨Öª¡£Ï¸°û
ÖêÇ뾡ËÙ¿ªÊ¼ÅàÑø£¬ »òÁ¢¼´À䶳±£´æ(ÖÃÓÚ¨C70 ¡ãC£¬ ¸ôÒ¹ºó£¬ ÒƵ½liq N2)¡£
2. À䶳ϸ°û½â¶³³ÌÐò:
2.1. ÒÀ¾Ýϸ°ûÖêÊý¾Ýµ¥Ö¸¶¨Ö®»ù´¡ÅàÑø»ùÖÖÀࡢѪÇåÖÖÀàºÍÆäËüÖ¸¶¨Ö®³É·ÝºÍ±È
Àý£¬ ÖƱ¸ÅàÑø»ù¡£¾ø´ó¶àÊý֮ϸ°û¾ùÎÞ·¨Á¢¼´ÊÊÓ¦²»Í¬Ö®»ù´¡ÅàÑø»ù»ò²»Í¬Ö®
ѪÇåÖÖÀ࣬ ÈôÒòʵÑéÐèÒª£¬ ±ØÐëÓÐËù²»Í¬Ê±£¬ Îñ±ØÒÔ»ºÂý±ÈÀý½¥´Î¸Ä±äÅàÑø
»ù×é³É£¬ È·¶¨Ï¸°ûÊÊÓ¦ºó£¬ ·½½øÐÐËùÐè֮ʵÑé¡£
2.2. FBS (fetal bovine serum, ÅßţѪÇå), CS (calf serum, СţѪÇå)ºÍHS (horse
serum, ÂíѪÇå)£¬¶Ôϸ°û¶øÑÔ²îÒ켫´ó£¬ÇëÎñ±ØÒÀ¾Ýϸ°ûÖê×ÊÁϵ¥Ö¸¶¨Ö®ÑªÇåÖÖ
ÀàÅàÑøÖ®¡£
2.3. ½«ÅàÑø»ùÖÃÓÚ37 ¡ãC Ë®²ÛÖлØΣ¬ »ØκóÅçÒÔ70 % ¾Æ¾«²¢²ÁÊÃÖ®£¬ ÒÆÈëÎÞ
¾ú²Ù×÷̨ÄÚ¡£È¡³öÀ䶳¹Ü£¬ Á¢¼´·ÅÈë37 ¡ãC Ë®²ÛÖпìËٽⶳ£¬ Ë®Ãæ¸ß¶È²»¿É
½Ó½ü»ò¸ß¹ýÀ䶳¹ÜÖ®¸ÇÑØ£¬ ·ñÔòÒ×·¢ÉúÎÛȾ¡£ÇáÒ¡À䶳¹ÜʹÆäÔÚ1 ·ÖÖÓÄÚÈ«
²¿ÈÚ»¯ºó£¬ ÒÔ70 % ethanol ²ÁÊÃÀ䶳¹ÜÍⲿ£¬ ÒÆÈëÎÞ¾ú²Ù×÷̨ÄÚ¡£
2.4. ÒÀ¾Ýϸ°ûÖÖÀàºÍŨ¶È£¬ÓÚÎÞ¾ú²Ù×÷̨ÄÚÈ¡10 ml ÅàÑø»ù¼ÓÖÁT25 »òT75 flask
ÖС£È¡³öÒѽⶳ֮ϸ°ûÐü¸¡Òº£¬»º»º¼ÓÈëT25 »òT75 flask ÄÚÖ®ÅàÑø»ù£¬ »ì
ºÏ¾ùÔÈ£¬·ÅÈë37 ¡ãC£¬5 % CO2 ÅàÑøÏäÅàÑø¡£
2.5. ¶Ô¾ø´ó¶àÊýϸ°û¶øÑÔ£¬1 % ÒÔÏÂÖ®À䶳±£»¤¼ÁDMSO£¬²»»á¶Ôϸ°ûÖ®Ìù¸½»ò»î
»¯Óв»Á¼Ó°Ï죬²»ÐèÁ¢¿ÌÓɽⶳϸ°ûÖÐÈ¥³ý£¬ ´ýµÚ¶þÌìÈ·¶¨Ï¸°ûÉú³¤»òÌù¸½Á¼
ºÃºóÔÙÈ¥³ý¼´¿É¡£Î©¶Ô¼«ÉÙÊýÒò¶ÔDMSO Ãô¸Ð»ò»áÔì³Éϸ°û·Ö»¯Ö®Ï¸°û£¬Ðè
Á¢¼´È¥³ýDMSO Õߣ¬ Ôò¿É½«½â¶³ºó֮ϸ°ûÐü¸¡Òº·ÅÈë5 - 10 ml ÅàÑø»ùÖУ¬
ÀëÐÄ300 xg (Ô¼1000 rpm)£¬5 ·ÖÖÓ£¬Ð¡ÐÄÒÆÈ¥ÉÏÇåÒº£¬¼ÓÈëÊÊÁ¿ÐÂÏÊÅàÑø»ù£¬
½«Ï¸°û¾ùÔÈ»ìºÏºó£¬ תÒÆÖÁÅàÑøÆ¿ÖУ¬ ÔÙ·ÅÈë37 ¡ãC£¬ 5 % CO2 ÅàÑøÏäÅàÑø¡£
ÊÕµ½T25 flask ϸ°ûʱ£¬ ´¦Àí·½Ê½Îª©U
1. ÓÚ¼ÄË͹ý³ÌÖУ¬Îª±ÜÃâÆðÅÝÔì³Éϸ°ûÍÑÂäËÀÍö£¬T25 flask ¾ù¼ÓÂúÅàÑø»ù¡£Çë¼ì²é
flask Íâ¹Û£¬²¢ÓÚÏÔ΢¾µÏ¹۲ìϸ°ûÉú³¤×´¿öºÍÓÐÎÞÎÛȾÏÖÏó£¬ÈôÓÐÈκÎÎÊÌ⣬ ²»
Òª´ò¿ª¸Ç×Ó£¬ÇëÁ¢¼´Í¨ÖªÏ¸°ûʵÑéÊÒ¡£
2. ½«Ô­·âÖ®T25 flask ¾²ÖÃÓÚ37 ¡ãC£¬ 5 % CO2 ÅàÑøÏäÖУ¬Ê¹Ï¸°û»ØÎÂÖÁ37 ¡ãC£¬ ²¢
ÈÃÔËË͹ý³ÌÖÐÉÙÊýÍÑÂäµÄϸ°û¿ÉÔÙ¸½×ÅÉú³¤¡£¸ôÌìºó£¬ÓÚÎÞ¾ú²Ù×÷ÏäÄÚÈ¡³öflask
ÄÚÖ®ÅàÑø»ù£¬(È¡³öÖ®ÅàÑø»ù¿ÉÒÔÔÙʹÓÃ)£¬½öÁôÔ¼5-10ml ÅàÑø»ùÓÚflask ÄÚ£¬ÒÀ
Ò»°ãÅàÑø·½Ê½ÔÙ½«Ï¸°ûÖÃÈëÅàÑøÏäÖУ¬»òϸ°ûÒѳ¤ÂúÅÌ£¬ Ôò½«Ï¸°û×ö´«´úÅàÑø¡£


[Ó¡ÏóÅÉ (2-8 16:41, Long long ago)] [ ´«Í³°æ | sForum ][µÇ¼ºó»Ø¸´]13Â¥

(ÒýÓà ӡÏóÅÉ:ÉúÎïÊÔÑé¼¼Êõ)ϸ°ûÅàÑøFAQ1¡¢À䶳¹ÜÓ¦ÈçºÎ½â¶³£¿
È¡³öÀ䶳¹Üºó£¬ ÐëÁ¢¼´·ÅÈë37 ¡ãC Ë®²ÛÖпìËٽⶳ£¬ ÇáÒ¡À䶳¹ÜʹÆäÔÚ1 ·ÖÖÓÄÚÈ«²¿ÈÚ»¯£¬ ²¢×¢ÒâË®Ãæ²»¿É³¬¹ýÀ䶳¹Ü¸ÇÑØ£¬ ·ñÔòÒ×·¢ÉúÎÛȾÇéÐΡ£ÁíÀ䶳¹ÜÓÉÒºµªÍ°ÖÐÈ¡³ö½â¶³Ê±£¬ ±ØÐë×¢Òⰲȫ£¬ Ô¤·ÀÀ䶳¹ÜÖ®±¬ÁÑ¡£

2¡¢Ï¸°ûÀ䶳¹Ü½â¶³ÅàÑøʱ£¬ ÊÇ·ñÓ¦ÂíÉÏÈ¥³ýDMSO£¿
³ýÉÙÊýÌرð×¢Ã÷¶ÔDMSO Ãô¸Ð֮ϸ°ûÍ⣬ ¾ø´ó²¿·Öϸ°ûÖ꣨°üÀ¨Ðü¸¡ÐÔϸ°û£©£¬ Ôڽⶳ֮ºó£¬ Ó¦Ö±½Ó·ÅÈ뺬ÓÐ10-15mlÐÂÏÊÅàÑø»ùÖ®ÅàÑø½ÇÆ¿ÖУ¬ ´ý¸ôÌìÔÙÖû»ÐÂÏÊÅàÑø»ùÒÔÈ¥³ýDMSO ¼´¿É£¬ Èç´Ë¿É±ÜÃâ´ó²¿·Ö½â¶³ºóϸ°ûÎÞ·¨Éú³¤»òÌù¸½Ö®ÎÊÌâ¡£

3¡¢¿É·ñʹÓÃÓëÔ­ÏÈÅàÑøÌõ¼þ²»Í¬Ö®ÅàÑø»ù£¿
²»ÄÜ¡£Ã¿Ò»Ï¸°ûÖê¾ùÓÐÆäÌض¨Ê¹ÓÃÇÒÒÑÊÊӦ֮ϸ°ûÅàÑø»ù£¬ ÈôÖèȻʹÓúÍÔ­ÏÈÌṩ֮ÅàÑøÌõ¼þ²»Í¬Ö®ÅàÑø»ù£¬ ϸ°û´ó¶¼ÎÞ·¨Á¢¼´ÊÊÓ¦£¬ Ôì³Éϸ°ûÎÞ·¨´æ»î¡£

4¡¢¿É·ñʹÓÃÓëÔ­ÏÈÅàÑøÌõ¼þ²»Í¬Ö®ÑªÇåÖÖÀࣿ
²»ÄÜ¡£ÑªÇåÊÇϸ°ûÅàÑøÉÏÒ»¸ö¼«ÎªÖØÒªµÄÓªÑøÀ´Ô´£¬ ËùÒÔѪÇåµÄÖÖÀàºÍÆ·ÖʶÔÓÚϸ°ûµÄÉú³¤»á²úÉú¼«´óµÄÓ°Ïì¡£À´×Ô²»Í¬ÎïÖÖµÄѪÇ壬 ÔÚһЩÎïÖÊ»ò·Ö×ÓµÄÁ¿»òÄÚÈÝÎïÉ϶¼ÓÐËù²»Í¬£¬ÑªÇåʹÓôíÎó³£»áÔì³Éϸ°ûÎÞ·¨´æ»î¡£

5¡¢ºÎνFBS, FCS, CS, HS ?
FBS (fetal bovine serum) ºÍFCS (fetal calf serum) ÊÇÏàͬµÄÒâ˼£¬ Á½Õ߶¼ÊÇָ̥ţѪÇ壬 FCS ÄË´íÎóµÄʹÓÃ×ÖÑÛ£¬ Çë²»ÒªÔÙʹÓá£CS (calf serum) ÔòÊÇָСţѪÇå¡£HS (horseserum) ÔòÊÇÖ¸ÂíѪÇå¡£

6¡¢ÅàÑøϸ°ûʱӦʹÓÃ5 % »ò10% CO2£¿»ò¸ù±¾Ã»ÓÐÓ°Ï죿
Ò»°ãÅàÑø»ùÖдó¶¼Ê¹ÓÃHCO3-/CO32-/H+ ×÷ΪpH µÄ»º³åϵͳ£¬ ¶øÅàÑø»ùÖÐNaHCO3 µÄº¬Á¿½«¾ö¶¨Ï¸°ûÅàÑøʱӦʹÓõÄCO2 Ũ¶È¡£µ±ÅàÑø»ùÖÐNaHCO3 º¬Á¿ÎªÃ¿¹«Éý3.7 g ʱ£¬Ï¸°ûÅàÑøʱӦʹÓÃ10 % CO2£»µ±ÅàÑø»ùÖÐNaHCO3 Ϊÿ¹«Éý1.5 g ʱ£¬ ÔòӦʹÓÃ5 % CO2 ÅàÑøϸ°û¡£

7¡¢ºÎʱÐë¸ü»»ÅàÑø»ù£¿
ÊÓϸ°ûÉú³¤Ãܶȶø¶¨£¬ »ò×ñÕÕϸ°ûÖê»ù±¾Êý¾ÝÉÏÖ®¸ü»»Ê±¼ä£¬°´Ê±¸ü»»ÅàÑø»ù¼´¿É¡£


8 ÅàÑø»ùÖÐÊÇ·ñÐëÌí¼Ó¿¹ÉúËØ£¿ ³ýÓÚÌØÊâɸѡϵͳÖÐÍ⣬ Ò»°ãÕý³£ÅàÑø״̬Ï£¬ ÅàÑø»ùÖв»Ó¦Ìí¼ÓÈκο¹ÉúËØ¡£

9¡¢¸½×ÅÐÔϸ°û¼Ì´úʱËùʹÓÃÖ®trypsin-EDTA Ũ¶È£¿Ó¦ÈçºÎ´¦Àí£¿
Ò»°ãʹÓÃÖ®trypsin-EDTA Ũ¶ÈΪ0.05% trypsin-0.53mMEDTA.4 Na¡£µÚÒ»´Î¿ªÆ¿ºóÓ¦Á¢¼´ÉÙÁ¿·Ö×°ÓÚÎÞ¾úÊÔ¹ÜÖУ¬ ±£´æÓÚ¨C20 ¡ãC£¬±ÜÃâ·´¸´À䶳½â¶³Ôì³Étrypsin Ö®»îÐÔ½µµÍ£¬ ²¢¿É¼õÉÙÎÛȾ֮»ú»á¡£

10¡¢Ðü¸¡ÐÔϸ°ûÓ¦ÈçºÎ¼Ì´ú´¦Àí£¿
Ò»°ã½öÐè³ÖÐø¼ÓÈëÐÂÏÊÅàÑø»ùÓÚÔ­ÅàÑø½ÇÆ¿ÖУ¬ Ï¡ÊÍϸ°ûŨ¶È¼´¿É£¬ ÈôÅàÑøҺ̫¶àʱ£¬ ¿É½«ÅàÑø½ÇÆ¿¿Ú¶ËÉÔ΢̧¸ß£¬ Ö±µ½ÎÞ·¨ÈÝÄÉΪֹ¡£·Öƿʱȡ³öÒ»²¿·Ýº¬Ï¸°ûÖ®ÅàÑøÒºÖÁÁíһеÄÅàÑø½ÇÆ¿£¬ ¼ÓÈëÐÂÏÊÅàÑø»ùÏ¡ÊÍÖÁÊʵ±Å¨¶È£¬ Öظ´Ç°Êö²½Öè¼´¿É¡£

11¡¢Óû½«Ò»°ã¶¯Îïϸ°ûÀëÐÄÏÂÀ´£¬ÆäÀëÐÄËÙÂÊӦΪ¶àÉÙתËÙ£¿
Óû»ØÊÕ¶¯Îïϸ°û£¬ ÆäÀëÐÄËÙÂÊÒ»°ãΪ300xg (Ô¼1,000rpm)£¬5 - 10 ·ÖÖÓ£¬ ¹ý¸ß֮תËÙ£¬ ½«Ôì³Éϸ°ûËÀÍö¡£

12¡¢Ï¸°ûÖ®½ÓÖÖÃܶÈΪºÎ£¿

ÒÀÕÕϸ°ûÖê»ù±¾Êý¾ÝÉÏÖ®½ÓÖÖÃܶȻòÏ¡ÊÍ·ÖÅÌÖ®±ÈÀý½ÓÖÖ¼´¿É¡£Ï¸°ûÊýÌ«ÉÙ»òÏ¡Ê͵ÄÌ«¶àÒàÊÇÔì³Éϸ°ûÎÞ·¨Éú³¤Ö®Ò»ÖØÒªÔ­Òò¡£

13¡¢Ï¸°ûÀ䶳ÅàÑø»ùÖ®³É·ÝΪºÎ£¿
¶¯Îïϸ°ûÀ䶳±£´æʱ×ʹÓõÄÀ䶳ÅàÑø»ùÊǺ¬5 - 10 %DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) ºÍ90 - 95 % Ô­À´Ï¸°ûÉú³¤ÓÃÖ®ÐÂÏÊÅàÑø»ù¾ùÔÈ»ìºÏÖ®¡£×¢Ò⣺ÓÉÓÚDMSO Ï¡ÊÍʱ»á·Å³ö´óÁ¿ÈÈÄÜ£¬ ¹Ê²»¿É½«DMSO Ö±½Ó¼ÓÈëϸ°ûÒºÖУ¬ ±ØÐëʹÓÃÇ°ÏÈÐÐÅäÖÆÍê³É¡£

14¡¢DMSO Ö®µÈ¼¶ºÍÎÞ¾ú¹ýÂËÖ®·½Ê½ÎªºÎ£¿
À䶳±£´æʹÓÃÖ®DMSO µÈ¼¶£¬ ±ØÐëΪTissue culture gradeÖ®DMSO (ÈçSigma D2650)£¬ Æä±¾Éí¼´ÎªÎÞ¾ú×´¿ö£¬ µÚÒ»´Î¿ªÆ¿ºóÓ¦Á¢¼´ÉÙÁ¿·Ö×°ÓÚÎÞ¾úÊÔ¹ÜÖУ¬ ±£´æÓÚ4¡ãC£¬ ±ÜÃâ·´¸´À䶳½â¶³Ôì³ÉDMSO Ö®Áѽâ¶øÊͳöÓк¦ÎïÖÊ£¬ ²¢¿É¼õÉÙÎÛȾ֮»ú»á¡£ÈôÒª¹ýÂËDMSO£¬ ÔòÐëʹÓÃÄÍDMSO Ö®Nylon ²ÄÖÊÂËĤ¡£

15¡¢À䶳±£´æϸ°ûÖ®·½·¨£¿
À䶳±£´æ·½·¨Ò»: À䶳¹ÜÖÃÓÚ4 ¡ãC 30~60 ·ÖÖÓ¡ú (-20 ¡ãC30 ·ÖÖÓ*) ¡ú -80 ¡ãC 16~18 Сʱ(»ò¸ôÒ¹) ¡ú Òºµª²Ûvaporphase ³¤ÆÚ´¢´æ¡£
À䶳±£´æ·½·¨¶þ: À䶳¹ÜÖÃÓÚÒÑÉ趨³ÌÐòÖ®¿É³ÌÐò½µÎ»úÖÐÿ·ÖÖÓ½µ1-3 ¡ãC ÖÁ¨C80 ¡ãC ÒÔÏ£¬ ÔÙ·ÅÈëÒºµª²Ûvapor phase³¤ÆÚ´¢´æ¡£*-20 ¡ãC ²»¿É³¬¹ý1 Сʱ£¬ ÒÔ·ÀÖ¹±ù¾§¹ý´ó£¬Ôì³Éϸ°û´óÁ¿ËÀÍö£¬Òà¿ÉÌø¹ý´Ë²½ÖèÖ±½Ó·ÅÈë-80¡ãC ±ùÏäÖУ¬Î©´æ»îÂÊÉÔ΢
½µµÍһЩ¡£

16¡¢Ï¸°ûÓûÀ䶳±£´æʱ£¬ ϸ°ûÀ䶳¹ÜÄÚÓ¦ÓжàÉÙϸ°ûŨ¶È£¿
À䶳¹ÜÄÚϸ°ûÊýÄ¿Ò»°ãΪ1x106 cells/ml vial£¬ ÈÚºÏÁöϸ°ûÔòÒÔ5x106 cells/ml vial ΪÒË¡£

17¡¢Ó¦ÈçºÎ±ÜÃâϸ°ûÎÛȾ£¿

ϸ°ûÎÛȾµÄÖÖÀà¿É·Ö³Éϸ¾ú¡¢½Íĸ¾ú¡¢Ã¹¾ú¡¢²¡¶¾ºÍù½¬¾ú¡£Ö÷ÒªµÄÎÛȾԭÒòΪÎÞ¾ú²Ù×÷¼¼Êõ²»µ±¡¢²Ù×÷ÊÒ»·¾³²»¼Ñ¡¢ÎÛȾ֮ѪÇåºÍÎÛȾ֮ϸ°ûµÈ¡£ÑϸñÖ®ÎÞ¾ú²Ù×÷¼¼Êõ¡¢Çå½àµÄ»·¾³¡¢ÓëÆ·ÖÊÁ¼ºÃ֮ϸ°ûÀ´Ô´ºÍÅàÑø»ùÅäÖÆÊǼõµÍÎÛȾ֮×îºÃ·½·¨¡£

18¡¢Èç¹ûϸ°û·¢Éú΢ÉúÎïÎÛȾʱ£¬Ó¦ÈçºÎ´¦Àí£¿
Ö±½ÓÃð¾úºó¶ªÆúÖ®¡£

19¡¢Ö§Ô­Ìå(mycoplasma) ÎÛȾµÄϸ°û£¬ ÊÇ·ñÄÜÒÔÈâÑÛ¹Û²ì³öÒì×´£¿
²»ÄÜ¡£³ý¼«Óо­Ñé֮ר¼ÒÍ⣬´ó¶àÊýÔâÊÜÖ§Ô­ÌåÎÛȾµÄϸ°ûÖ꣬
ÎÞ·¨ÒÔÆäÍâ¹Û·Ö±æÖ®¡£

20¡¢Ö§Ô­ÌåÎÛȾ»á¶Ôϸ°ûÅàÑøÓкÎÓ°Ï죿
Ö§Ô­ÌåÎÛȾ¼¸ºõ¿ÉÓ°ÏìËùÓÐϸ°ûÖ®Éú³¤²ÎÊý£¬ ´úл¼°Ñо¿Ö®ÈÎÒ»Êý¾Ý¡£¹Ê½øÐÐʵÑéÇ°£¬±ØÐëÈ·ÈÏϸ°ûΪmycoplasma-free£¬ÊµÑé½á¹ûÖ®Êý¾Ý·½ÓÐÒâÒå¡£

21¡¢Õì²â³öϸ°ûÖêÓÐÖ§Ô­ÌåÎÛȾʱ£¬ ¸ÃÈçºÎ´¦Àí£¿
Ö±½ÓÃð¾úºó¶ªÆú£¬ÒÔ±ÜÃâÎÛȾÆäËüϸ°ûÖê¡£

22¡¢CO2 ÅàÑøÏä֮ˮÅÌÈçºÎ±£³ÖÇå½à£¿
¶¨ÆÚ(ÖÁÉÙÿÁ½ÖÜÒ»´Î) ÒÔÎÞ¾úÕôÁóË®»òÎÞ¾úÈ¥Àë×ÓË®¸ü»»Ö®¡£

23¡¢ÎªºÎÅàÑø»ù±£´æÓÚ4 ¡ãC ±ùÏäÖУ¬ ÑÕÉ«»áÆ«°µºìÉ«£¬ ÇÒpHÖµ»áÔ½À´Ô½Æ«¼îÐÔ£¿
ÅàÑø»ù±£´æÓÚ4 ¡ãC ±ùÏäÖУ¬ ÅàÑø»ùÄÚÖ®CO2 »áÖð½¥Òç³ö£¬Ôì³ÉÅàÑø»ùÔ½À´Ô½Æ«¼îÐÔ¡£¶øÅàÑø»ùÖÐÖ®Ëá¼îָʾ¼Á(ͨ³£Îªphenol red) µÄÑÕÉ«Ò²»áËæ¼îÐÔÔö¼Ó¶ø¸üÆ«°µºì¡£ÅàÑø»ùÆ«¼îÖ®½á¹û£¬ ½«Ôì³Éϸ°ûÉú³¤Í£ÖÍ»òËÀÍö¡£ÈôÅàÑø»ùÆ«¼îʱ£¬ ¿ÉÒÔͨÈëÎÞ¾ú¹ýÂËÖ®CO2£¬ ÒÔµ÷ÕûpH Öµ¡£

24¡¢¸÷ÖÖϸ°ûÅàÑøÓõÄdish£¬flaskÊÇ·ñ¾ùÏàͬ£¿
²»Í¬³§ÅƵÄdish »òflask£¬ ÆäËùcoating µÄpolymer ²»Í¬£¬ ÖÆÔì³ÌÐòÒ಻ͬ£¬ Ëä¶Ô´ó²¿·Öϸ°ûûÓÐÌ«´óÖ®Ó°Ï죬 ΩÉÙÊýϸ°ûÔò¿ÉÄÜÒòʹÓó§ÅƲ»Í¬Ö®dish »òflask ¶øÓÐÏÔÖøÖ®Éú³¤²îÒì¡£

25¡¢¹ºÂò֮ϸ°ûÀ䶳¹Ü¾­½â¶³ºó£¬ÎªºÎ»á·¢Éúϸ°ûÊýÄ¿Ì«ÉÙÖ®ÇéÐΣ¿
Ñо¿ÈËÔ±ÔÚÀ䶳ϸ°ûÖ®ÅàÑøʱ³öÏÖϸ°ûÊýÄ¿Ì«ÉÙ£¬ ´ó¶¼ÊÇÒòΪÀëÐĹý³Ì²Ù×÷ÉϵÄʧÎó£¬ Ôì³Éϸ°ûµÄÎïÀíÐÔËðÉË£¬ ÒÔ¼°Ï¸°ûÁ÷ʧ¡£½¨Òéϸ°û½â¶³ºó²»ÒªÁ¢¿ÌÀëÐÄ£¬ Ó¦´ýϸ°ûÉú³¤¸ôÒ¹ºóÔÙ¸ü»»ÅàÑø»ù¼´¿É¡£

26¡¢¹ºÂò֮ϸ°ûËÀÍö»òϸ°û´æ»îÂʲ»¼Ñ¿ÉÄÜÔ­Òò£¿
Ñо¿ÈËÔ±ÔÚϸ°ûÅàÑøʱ³öÏÖ´æ»îÂʲ»¼Ñ£¬ ³£¼ûÔ­Òò¿É¹éÄÉΪ£ºÅàÑø»ùʹÓôíÎó»òÅàÑø»ùÆ·Öʲ»¼Ñ¡£ÑªÇåʹÓôíÎó»òѪÇåµÄÆ·Öʲ»¼Ñ¡£½â¶³¹ý³Ì´íÎó¡£À䶳ϸ°û½â¶³ºó£¬ ¼ÓÒÔÏ´µÓϸ°ûºÍÀëÐÄ¡£Ðü¸¡Ï¸°ûÎóÈÏΪËÀϸ°û¡£ÅàÑøζÈʹÓôíÎó¡£Ï¸°ûÖÃÓÚ¨C80 ¡ãC Ì«¾Ã¡£

27¡¢ÊÕµ½Ö®À䶳¹ÜÆ¿ÉíÆÆÁÑ£¬Æ¿¸ÇÓÐÁÑÎÆ£¬»òÆ¿¸ÇÍÑÂäÖ®Ô­Òò£¿
À䶳¹ÜÆ¿¸ÇÁÑÎÆ£¬»òÆ¿ÉíÆÆÁÑ£¬¿ÉÄÜÊÇÒòΪ²Ù×÷Õß¼ÐÈ¡À䶳¹ÜʱÓÃÁ¦²»µ±£¬Ôì³ÉÀ䶳¹ÜÁÑË𣬽¨ÒéʹÓÃֹѪǯСÐļÐÈ¡¡£ÁíÀ䶳¹ÜÆ¿¸ÇËɶ¯»òËÉÍÑ£¬ÄËÒòÈÈÕÍÀäËõÖ®ÎïÀíÏÖÏó£¬À䶳¹ÜÓпÉÄÜÒò´Ë¶øÔì³Éϸ°ûÎÛȾ£¬¹ÊÀ䶳¹ÜÓÚ·ÅÈëºÍÈ¡³öÒºµªÍ°Ê±£¬¾ùÓ¦Á¢¿Ì½«À䶳¹ÜÔÙÒ»´ÎŤ½ô
[Ó¡ÏóÅÉ (2-8 16:45, Long long ago)] [ ´«Í³°æ | sForum ][µÇ¼ºó»Ø¸´]14Â¥

(ÒýÓà ӡÏóÅÉ:¿ÆÑÐÉú»î¼°ÆäÏ°¹ß¿ÆÑÐÉú»î¼°ÆäÏ°¹ß Ŀ¼£º Ò»¡¢Ñо¿ÉúÉú»îºÍÏÖ×´ ¶þ¡¢×öºÃ¼Æ»® Èý¡¢Ñо¿¹ý³ÌÖеÄ×¢Òâµã ËÄ¡¢ÈçºÎ²éÔÄÎÄÏ× Îå¡¢ÈçºÎ×÷ʵÑ...)×÷¿ÆÑеÄÌå»á×÷¿ÆÑеÄÌå»á
01 Ò»°ëʱ¼ä×öʵÑ飬һ°ëʱ¼ä¿´ÎÄÏס£
ǧÍò²»ÄÜ°Ñʱ¼äÈ«²¿ÏûºÄÔÚʵÑę́ÉÏ¡£¿´ÎÄÏס¢¿´Êé¡¢¿´±ðÈ˵IJÙ×÷¡¢Ìý±ðÈ˵ľ­Ñé¡¢Ñо¿±ðÈ˵Ä˼·£¬±ß×ö±ß˼¿¼¡£ÒªÑ§»á±È½Ï£¬²»ÒªÃ¤´Ó¡£·ñÔò£¬»á±»Ò»Ð©Ð¡Ð¡µÄÎÊÌâÀ§ÈÅÐí¾Ã¡£
02 ×¼±¸Ô½³ä·Ö£¬ÊµÑéԽ˳Àû¡£
¹ÅÈËÔÆ£¬Ä¥µ¶²»Îó¿³²ñ¹¤¡£Ç°ÆÚµÄ֪ʶ´¢±¸¡¢ÎÄÏ×´¢±¸¡¢²ÄÁÏ×¼±¸¡¢·½·¨×¼±¸¿ÉÒÔ±ÜÃâÊÖæ½ÅÂÒ£¬³ä·ÖµÄԤʵÑéʹÄã³äÂúÐÅÐÄ¡£Ò»²½Ò»¸ö½ÅÓ¡£¬¾Í²»±Ø¡°´ÓÍ·ÔÙÀ´¡±¡£×î²»ÄÜÈÝÈ̵ÄÊÇÔÚ¿ªÊ¼µÄ¼¸²½ÍµÀÁ£¬Ôì³ÉºóÃæ×ÜÓÐһЩÎÞ·¨ÅųýµÄÕÏ°­¡£
03 ¼Ç¼ÕæʵÏ꾡¡£
ÈË×ÜÊÇÓÐÒ»µãÐéÈÙÐĵġ£Ö»°Ñ³É¹¦µÄ²½Öè»òƯÁÁµÄ½á¹û¼Çµ½ÊµÑé¼Ç¼ÀÊǺܶàÈ˵Ä×ö·¨¡£Êâ²»Öª£¬Ðí¶à±¦¹ó¾­ÑéºÍÒâÍâ·¢ÏÖ¾ÍÕâÑùÓëÄã²Á¼ç¶ø¹ý¡£¿Í¹Û¡¢Õæʵ¡¢Ï꾡µÄ¼Ç¼¹óµÄ²Æ¸»¡£
04 ²»ÒªÎªÀÏ°åÊ¡Ç®¡£
ЧÂÊΪÏÈ¡£ÕûÌìËã¼Æ×ÅÊ¡Ç®£¬Ò»µ©ÓÃÁ˲»¿É¿¿µÄ¶«Î÷£¬Ö»»áÀË·Ñʱ¼ä£¬ÔâÊÜ´ò»÷£¬µ½Í·À´Ò»·ÖǮҲʡ²»ÁË¡£
05 °ÑÎÕÐÄÀíÓÅÊÆ¡£
×ö¹ýʵÑéµÄÈ˶¼¾­Àú¹ýʧ°ÜºÍ´ìÕÛ¡£ÓÐЩʧ°ÜÓ¦µ±ÔÚԤʵÑé½×¶Î·¢Éú£¬ÄãÕâʱÄÜ̹Ȼ½ÓÊÜ¡£¼ÙÈç²»×öԤʵÑ飬ÔÚÕýʽµÄʵÑéÖÐÓöµ½£¬ÄãµÄ´ìÕ۸оͺÜÃ÷ÏÔ¡£¼ÙÈçÄãÒòΪ¸Ïʱ¼ä¶øÎó²Ù×÷£¬Äã»á¾ÚÉ¥¡£¼ÙÈçÄãÄÜÒòΪĿǰÐĸ¡ÆøÔï¶ø¹û¶ÏµØ·ÅÒ»·Å£¬¾Í¿ÉÒÔ±ÜÃⱯ¾çµÄ·¢Éú¡£¼ÙÈçÄãÔçÉϽøÈëʵÑéÊÒ֮ǰ»¹²»ÖªµÀ½ñÌìÒª¸Éʲô£¬Äã×îºÃÏëºÃÁËÔÙÈ¥¡£×î´óµÄ´íÎóÊÇÖظ´·¸Í¬ÑùµÄ´íÎó¡£¼Çס£¬ÂŽ̲»¸ÄÕß²»ÊʺÏ×öʵÑé¡£
06 µ±ÄãµÄÀÏ°å¶ÔÄãµÄʵÑéµÄϸ½Ú²»Ì«Çå³þ»òÕßÄãµÄÀÏ°åÔÚÄãµÄʵÑéÁìÓò·½Ãæ²¢²»ÕæÕýÔÚÐÐʱ£¬ÄãÌرðҪעÒ⣺µ±ÊµÑ鲻˳ʱ£¬Ã»ÓÐÔ¤ÏÈÆÚÍûµÄ½á¹ûʱ£¬ÏȲ»Òª¹ý¶àÈ¥Öظ´ÊµÑ飬ÌرðÊÇÀÏ°å¶ÔÄã˵£º¡°Òª·´¸´Öظ´£¬¶à×÷£¡¡°£¬ÕâʱµÚÒ»ÊÇÏÈ¿ÙʵÑéϸ½Ú£¬ÌرðÊÇÎÄÏ×ÖÐһЩûÓÐ×¢Òâµ½µÄϸ½Ú»ò¹Ø¼ü²½Ö裬µÚ¶þÊǶÔʵÑé½á¹ûÓò»Í¬µÄ·½·¨È¥Ö¤Ã÷£¬ÒòΪÓÐʱÊÇÒѾ­ÓÐÁËÔ¤ÆڵĽá¹û£¬Ö»ÊDZ»´óÁ¿µÄ±³¾°ËùÑڸǣ¬¶ø±ðµÄ·½·¨Ç¡ºÃ¿ÉÄÜ´Ó±ðµÄ;¾¶±í´ï³öÀ´£¬µÚÈýÒª¸ÒÓÚ·ñ¶¨ÀÏ°åÅжϣ¬µ±È»ÕâÒ»µãÔÚÐж¯ÉϺÜÄÑ£¬²»¹ýÄã¿ÉÒÔÔÚÀÏ°å²»ÔÚʱȥ֤Ã÷×Ô¼º
07 ÏÈ¿´×ÛÊö£¬ºó¿´ÂÛÖø
¿´×ÛÊö¸ãÇå¸ÅÄ¿´ÂÛÖøÕÆÎÕ·½·¨¡£
08 ÏÈ¿´µ¼Ê¦¼ÈÍù·¢±íµÄÎÄÕ£¬ÔÙ¿´Ê¦ÐÖʦ½ã´ð±çµÄÂÛÎÄ
¿´Ç°ÕßÖªµÀ´ó·½Ïò£¨Êµ¼ÊÉÏÓ¦µ±ÔÚ¿¼ËûµÄÑо¿Éú֮ǰ¿´¹ý£©£¬¿´ºóÕßÖªµÀÄÇЩ¿ÉÒÔ½è¼ø¡£
09 Ô綯ÊÖ
ÔÚʦÐÖʦ½ãÀ뿪֮ǰѧ»á¹Ø¼ü¼¼Êõ¡£
10 Èç¹û½ÓʦÐÖʦ½ãµÄ¹¤×÷ÍùÏÂ×ö£¬Ò»¶¨Òª¿´ÆäʵÑé¼Ç¼
Ç°È˵Ľá¹û²»Ò»¶¨¿ÉÐÅ£¡
11 Á½ÊÖ×¼±¸
Éè¼Æ¿ÎÌâҪΪÁ˲ûÃ÷ÎÊÌ⣬¼´²»ÂÛ½á¹ûΪÑôÐÔ»òÒõÐÔ£¬¶¼ÄÜдÎÄÕ¡£ÑôÐÔ½á¹û˵Ã÷ʲô£¬ÒõÐÔ½á¹û˵Ã÷ʲô¡£ ¼ÙÈç¿ÎÌâÒªÇóµÃ³öÑôÐÔ½á¹û£¬Äã¿ÉÄÜÒªÊÂÏÈÉè¼Æ¼¸²¿·Ö£¬ÍòÒ»µÚÒ»²¿·ÖµÃ²»³öÔ¤ÆÚ½á¹û£¬¿ÉÒÔÓÃÆäËü²¿·ÖÃÖ²¹Ëðʧ¡£
12 ¶àÊýÎÄÕ¿´ÕªÒª£¬ÉÙÊýÎÄÕ¿´È«ÎÄ
ÕÆÎÕÁËÒ»µã²éÈ«Îĵļ¼ÇÉ£¬ÍùÍù»áÒԸ㵽ȫÎÄΪÀÖ£¬ÒÔÖÁÓÚûÓÐʱ¼ä¿´ÎÄÕµÄÄÚÈÝ£¬¸ü²»Ð¸ÓÚ¿´ÕªÒª¡£ÕæÕýÓÐÓõÄÈ«ÎIJ¢²»¶à£¬¹ý·Ö×·ÇóÈ«ÎÄÊÇÀË·Ñ£¬²»¿É×ß¼«¶Ë¡£µ±È»Ö»¿´ÕªÒªÒ²ÊDz»¶ÔµÄ¡£
13 ¼¯ÖÐʱ¼ä¿´ÎÄÏ×
¿´¹ý×Ü»áÒÅÍü¡£¿´ÎÄÏ×µÄʱ¼äÔ½·ÖÉ¢£¬ÀË·Ñʱ¼äÔ½¶à¡£¼¯ÖÐʱ¼ä¿´¸üÈÝÒ×ÁªÏµÆðÀ´£¬ÐγÉÕûÌåÓ¡Ïó¡£
14 ×öºÃ¼Ç¼ºÍ±ê¼Ç
¸´Ó¡»ò´òÓ¡µÄÎÄÏ×£¬Ö±½ÓÓñʱê¼Ç»òÅú×¢¡£pdf»òhtml¸ñʽµÄÎÄÏ×£¬¿ÉÒÔÓñ༭Æ÷±êÁÁ»ò¸Ä±äÎÄ×ÖÑÕÉ«¡£ÕâÊDZÜÃâʱ¼äÀ˷ѵÄÓÖÒ»ÖØÒªÊֶΡ£·ñÔòµÈÓÚû¿´¡£
15 ×¼±¸ÒýÓõÄÎÄÕÂÒªÇ××Ô¿´¹ý
תÒýÔì³ÉµÄÒԶﴫ¶ï²»Ê¤Ã¶¾Ù¡£
16 ×¢ÒâÎÄÕµIJο¼¼ÛÖµ¡£
¿¯ÎïµÄÓ°ÏìÒò×Ó¡¢ÎÄÕµı»Òý´ÎÊýÄÜ·´Ó³ÎÄÕµIJο¼¼ÛÖµ¡£µ«Òª×¢ÒâÒýÓÃÕâƪÎÄÕµÄÆäËüÎÄÕÂÊÇÈçºÎÆÀ¼ÛÕâƪÎÄÕµģºÖ§³Ö»¹ÊÇ·´¶Ô£¬²¹³ä»¹ÊǾÀ´í¡£
17 ½»Á÷ÊÇ×îºÃµÄÀÏʦ
×öʵÑéÓöµ½À§ÄÑÊǼҳ£±ã·¹¡£ÄãµÄµÚÒ»·´Ó¦ÊÇʲô£¿·´¸´³¢ÊÔ£¿·ÅÆú£¿¿´Ê飿ÕâЩ×ö·¨¶¼ÓеÀÀí£¬µ«Ê×ÏÈÓ¦¸ÃÏëµ½µÄÊǽ»Á÷¡£¶ÔÓÐÉí·ÝµÄÈË£¬Ë½ÏµÄÇë½ÌÌåÏÖÄã¶ÔËûµÄ×ðÖØ£»¶ÔͬÄê×ʵÄÈË£¬¹«¿ªµÄÌÖÂÛ¿ÉÒÔʹ´ó¼Ò³©ËùÓûÑÔ£¬¶øÇÒ³öÑÔ½÷É÷¡£Ç§Íò²»ÄܱÕÃÅÔì³µ¡£
Ò»¸öʵÑéÕÛÌÚ°ëÄ꣬ºóÀ´±ðÈ˸æËßÄãÄÇÊÇËÀ·£¬Æñ²»Ô©´óÍ·£¿
18 ×î¸ß²ã´ÎµÄÄÜÁ¦ÊDZí´ïÄÜÁ¦
ÔٺõŤ×÷×îÖÕ¶¼Òª¿¿±ðÈËÈÏ¿É¡£±í´ïÄÜÁ¦£¬ÌåÏÖΪдºÍ˵µÄÄÜÁ¦£¬ÊÇÐèÒª³¤ÆÚÅàÑøµÄËØÖÊ¡£±ÈÈç·¢ÏÖÒ»¸öº±¼û²¡Àý£¬Ð´ºÃÁË·¢Ò»ÆªÂÛÖø£»Ð´²»ºÃÖ»ÄÜ·¢Ò»¸ö²¡Àý±¨µÀ¡£±ÈÈç×öÒ»¸ö¿ÎÌ⣬дºÃÁË·¢Ò»Æª»òÊýƪÂÛÖø£»Ð´²»ºÃÖ»ÄÜ·¢Ò»¸öÂÛÖøÕªÒª»ò±»±Ðµô¡£Ò»ÕÅͼ,Ò»Õűí,ÎÞ²»ÊDZí´ïÄÜÁ¦µÄÌåÏÖ¡£ÁÈÁȼ¸°ÙÉÏǧ×ֵıêÊ飬¿ÉÒÔÓ®µÃ´ó±Ê»ù½ð£»ËäÈ»¹ØϵºÜÖØÒª£¬µ«Ð´µÃÌ«²îÒ²²»ÐС£ÓÐÈË˵£¬ÎÒ²»Ñ§PCR£¬²»Ñ§spss£¬Ö»ÒªÑ§»áppt£¨powerpoint£©¾Í¿ÉÒÔÁË¡£´Ë»°ÓÐÒ»µãµÀÀí£¬ÊµÑéÊÒµÄbossÃDZíÃæÉϾÍÊÇ¿¿Ò»´®´®pptÐÐ×ß½­ºþµÄ¡£¾­³£ÓÐÑо¿ÉúÒò˼άÃô½ÝÌõÀýÇå³þ¶øÁîÈËËàÈ»Æð¾´¡£Ò²¾­³£ÓÐÑо¿Éú²»Àí½â¡°ÎªÊ²Ã´ÎÒ×öÁ˴󲿷ֹ¤×÷¶øÀÏ°åÈ´ÈÃÁíÒ»¸öûÔõô¸É»îµÄÈËдÁËÎÄÕ£¿ÈÃËûÈ¥´ó»á·¢ÑÔ£¿¡± ÄãûÓп´µ½È˼ÒÓÐÕÅ¿Ú¾ÍÀ´µÄ±¾ÊÂÂð£¿
19 ѧºÃÓ¢Ó²»Ñ§¶þÍâ¡£
Èç½ñ²»ÂÛÈ¥ÈÕ±¾»¹ÊÇÅ·ÖÞ£¬Ñ§Êõ½»Á÷ÔçÒÑÊÇÓ¢ÓïµÄÌìÏ¡£Äã²»±ØΪ¿´²»¶®Ò»Æª·¨ÓïµÄÎÄÕ¶øÒź¶£¬Ð´ÄÇƪÎÄÕµÄÈËÕýÔÚΪûѧºÃÓ¢Óï¶ø·¸³î¡£Èç¹ûÓ¢ÎÄÉÐδ¾«Í¨£¬ÔÝÇÒ²»ÒªÈ¥Ñ§¶þÍâ¡£
20 SCIÊǸöÏÝÚå¡£
ÔËÆø£¡ÓÐÈËû·ÑÁ¦Æø·¢ÁËһƪSCIÎÄÕ¡£Äã²»ÒªÏÛĽËû¡£ÒòΪ¾ÝÎÒËùÖª¿ÎÌâÊDZðÈËÉè¼ÆµÄ£¬ÊµÑéÊDZðÈËÊÖ°ÑÊÖ´øËû×öµÄ£¬ÎÄÕÂÊǵ¼Ê¦°ïËûÕÒÁ˹úÍâµÄÈ˸ÄдµÄ£¬¶øËû²¢²»Éó¤×ö¿ÆÑС£µ«ÊÇËûÒòΪһƪSCIÎÄÕÂÒѾ­×ÔÈÏΪ¿ÉÒÔÔÚ¿ÆÑеÄÌìµØÀïÒ»Õ¹ÉíÊÖÁË¡£ÓÚÊÇÒª³ö¹ú£¬Òª×öʵÑ飬Ҫ¼ÌÐø·¢SCI,ÒªÕõÃÀÔª¡£´Ó´Ë×ßÉÏÁËÒ»Ìõ²»ÊôÓÚËûµÄµÀ·¡££¨Ò²ÐíÓÐËáÆÏÌÑÐÄÀíµÄ³É·Ö£©¡£µ«ÊÇ¿´¿´ÖÜΧµÄÈË£¬¿´¿´×Ô¼º£¬ÕæµÄÊʺϸã¿ÆÑÐÂð£¿
ÕæµÄ²»Êʺϸã¿ÆÑÐÂð?
21 ʵÑé¼¼ÄÜÖ»ÄÜÊÇÔÚʵÑéÊÒÀï¡°ÅÝ¡±³öÀ´µÄ¡£
Ò»¸ö¡°ÅÝ¡±×ÖµÀ³öÁ˾«»ª£¬ºÜ¶àÈ˼±ÓÚËٳɣ¬µ«ÊµÑé¼¼ÄÜȷʵÊÇ¡°ÅÝ¡±³öÀ´µÄ£¬Ëùνһ·Ý¸ûÔÅ£¬Ò»·ÝÊÕ»ñ¡£µ±Ä긴µ©´óѧµÄÊ¢×æ¼Î½ÌÊÚ»¨ÁË15ÄêµÄʱ¼äÅàÑø´ó³¦¸Ë¾ú£¬½«´ó³¦¸Ë¾úµÄÊôÐÔÃþµÃ͸Ê죬ΪÒÔºóµÄʵÑé´òÏÂÁ˼áʵµÄ»ù´¡£¬Õâ·Ý¹¦Á¦¡¢Õâ·ÝÄÍÐÄ¿ÉÄܺÜÉÙÓÐÈËÄÜ×öµ½¡£
ÎÒ¾õµÃʵÑé¿Î»¹ÊǷdz£ÖØÒªµÄ£¬±Ï¾¹×Ô¼º²Î¼ÓÁ˶øÇÒÇ×ÊÖʵ¼ù¡£Êµ¼ùÖп϶¨ÊÇÓÐÎÊÌâµÄ£¬¼ÈÈ»×Ô¼ºÃ»ÎÊÌâ²»¼ûµÃ±ðÈËûÎÊÌ⣬¶ø±ðÈ˵ÄÎÊÌâÒ²Ðí¾ÍÊÇÄ㽫À´µÄÎÊÌâ¡£ÎÒÏëÆðÂë¿ÎÇ°Ò»¶¨ÒªÈÏÕæԤϰ£¬ÉϿεÄʱºòÒª¶à¡°×°ÁûÂôɵ¡±ÈÃÀÏʦÔÚÄãÏëÍ£µÄµØ·½¶à˵¶à×ö¼¸´Î¡£½²ÍêÁ˱ð×ߣ¬¿´¿´±ðÈËÌرðÊÇû×öÍêµÄºÍ×ö»µµÄ£¬°ïËýÃǽâ¾öÎÊÌ⣬ͬʱҲÌá¸ßÁË×Ô¼º¡£
22 Ó¢ÎÄÎÄÕÂд×÷
1.ÔĶÁ10ƪÎÄÏ×£¬×ܽá100¸ö³£ÓþäÐͺͳ£ÓöÌÓï¡£¾­³£¸´Ï°¡£
×¢Ò⣬ÎÄÏ××÷Õß±ØÐëÊÇÒÔÓ¢ÎÄΪĸÓïÕߣ¬ÎÄÏ×ÄÚÈÝÒªÓëÄãµÄרҵÓйء£
ÕâÊôÓÚƽʱ¿´ÎÄÏ׵ĸ±²úÆ·¡£
2.ÕÒ3-5ƪ¼¼Êõ·ÏߺÍͳ¼Æ·½·¨ÓëÄãµÄ¿ÎÌâ½Ó½üµÄÎÄÕ£¬¾«¶Á¡£
д³öÂÛÎĵIJݸ塣Ҫ°´ÕÕ±êÌâ¡¢×÷Õß¡¢ÕªÒª¡¢±³¾°¡¢Ä¿µÄ¡¢²ÄÁÏ¡¢·½·¨¡¢½á¹û¡¢ÌÖÂÛ¡¢ÖÂл¡¢²Î¿¼ÎÄÏס¢Í¼Àý¡¢Í¼¡¢±í¡¢ÕÕƬºÍ˵Ã÷µÄͳһ¸ñʽÀ´Ð´¡£ÕâÑù×öµÄºÃ´¦ÊÇ´ÓËü¿ÉÒÔ·½±ãµØ¸Ä³ÉÈκÎÔÓÖ¾µÄ¸ñʽ¡£
3.Õë¶ÔÂÛÎĵÄÿһ²¿·Ö£¬ÓÈÆäÊÇijÖÖ¾ßÌå·½·¨¡¢ÒªÌÖÂÛµÄijһ¾ßÌå·½Ã棬¸÷ÕÒ5-8ƪÎÄÏ×ÔĶÁ£¬³äʵÍêÉÆ¡£
ÕâÀïÌÖÂÛµÄÖ»Éæ¼°Ó¢Îıí´ï£¬Ò²Ö»ÍƼö¸øȱ·¦Ó¢ÎÄд×÷¾­ÑéµÄÈË¡£
4.ÕÒµ½ÄãÏëͶµÄÔÓÖ¾µÄ¸åÔ¼£¬ÔÙÕÒ2-3ƪ¸ÃÔÓÖ¾µÄarticle£¬°´ËüµÄ¸ñʽ¸Äд¡£
×¢Ò⣬ÿ´Î¸Äд¶¼ÒªÏÈÁí´æΪ²»Í¬µÄÎļþÃû£¬ÒÔÃâ³öÁËÎÊÌâ²»Äָܻ´¡£
5.ÕÒÓ¢ÎĸßÊָġ£ÕÒ²»µ½ºÏÊʵÄÈË£¬¾ÍÈ¥ http://www.oleng.com.au/ £¬¸Ã¹«Ë¾ÌṩӢÓïÂÛÎı༭·þÎñ(English correction and improvement£¬not translation) £¬ÔÚ´ËÏòÓÐǮûʱ¼äµÄÈËÇ¿ÁÒÍƼö¡£ÎÒµÄͬÊ´ӸøÔÓ־Ͷ¸åµ½³ö°æÖ»ÓÃÁË2¸öÔµÄʱ¼ä£¬Öм仨¡ç200ÔÚÕâ¸ö¹«Ë¾¸ÄÁËÒ»ÏÂÓ¢ÎÄ£¬·Ç³£¿ì¡£
23 ÎÄÏ×¹ÜÀí
1.ÏÂÔصç×Ó°æÎÄÏ×ʱ£¨caj£¬pdf£¬html£©£¬°ÑÎÄÕÂÌâÄ¿Õ³ÌùΪÎļþÃû¡£
×¢Ò⣬ÎļþÃû²»ÄÜÓÐÌØÊâ·ûºÅ£¬Òª°Ñ \ / : * ? < > | ÒÔ¼° »»Ðзû ɾµô¡£
2.²»Í¬Ö÷Ìâ´æÈ벻ͬÎļþ¼Ð¡£Îļþ¼ÐµÄÌâÄ¿Òª¼ò¶Ì£¬È磺PD£¬LTP,PKC£¬NO¡£
3.¿´¹ýµÄÎÄÏ×¹éÈë×ÓÎļþ¼Ð£¬×îÆðÂëÒª°ÑÓÐÓõĺÍûÓõķֿª¡£
4.ÖØÒªÎÄÏ׸ù¾ÝÖØÒª³Ì¶ÈÔÚÎļþÃûÇ°¼Ó001,002£¬003±àºÅ£¬È»ºó°´Ãû³ÆÅÅÁÐͼ±ê£¬×îÖØÒªµÄÎÄÏ×¾ÍÅÅÔÚ×îÇ°ÁË¡£
¸´Ó¡»ò´òÓ¡µÄÎÄÏ×£¬Óôò¿×Æ÷£¨£¤10-15£©´ò¿×£¬×°ÈëÓ²ÖÊÎļþ¼Ð£¨£¤10-20/¸ö£©¡£
24 ÎÒÃǾ­³£»áÔڲο¼ÎÄÏ×µÄÒýÓÃÉÏˣһЩС´ÏÃ÷£¬Êâ²»ÖªÕâЩ¶¼»á½µµÍÂÛÎÄÖÊÁ¿¡£
1.Öª¶ø²»Òý
Ã÷Ã÷½è¼øÁËͬÐеÄÀàËƹ¤×÷£¬È´¹ÊÒâ²»ÒýÓÃͬÐеÄÀàËƹ¤×÷£¬Ê¹×Ô¼º¹¤×÷¿´ÉÏÈ¥¡°ÐÂÓ±¡±¡°ÁìÏÈ¡±¡£Êµ¼ÊÉÏÉó¸åµÄ¾ÍÊÇͬÐС£
2.¶ÏÕÂÈ¡Òå
¹ÊÒâ½ØÈ¡×÷ÕßÊÔͼ·ñ¶¨µÄ²¿·ÖÀ´ºæÍÐ×Ô¼ºµÄ¹Ûµã¡£
3.Òý¶ø²»È·
ûÓÐÈÏÕæ¿´Ô­ÎÄ£¬ÒýÎÄ´í©¡£
4.À´Ô´²»Êµ
ijЩ×Ö¾äÀ´Ô´²»¿É¿¿(±ÈÈç·ÇÕýʽµÄ»ò·ÇѧÊõµÄ³ö°æÎï)£¬ÇÒ²»×¢Ã÷À´Ô´¡£³£¼ûÓÚһЩͳ¼ÆÊý×Ö¡£
5.äĿ×ÔÒý
²»ÊÇΪÁË˵Ã÷×Ô¼ºµÄ¹¤×÷ÓëÇ°ÆÚ¹¤×÷Ö®¼äµÄ¹Øϵ£¬¶øÊǵ¥´¿ÎªÌá¸ß×Ô¼ºÎÄÕ±»ÒýÓôÎÊý¶ø×ÔÒý¡£
25 ¹úÄÚÎÄÕÂˮƽ²»¸ßµÄ¼¸¸öÔ­Òò
1.Éó¸åÈË֪ʶ³Â¾É
Äê¼Í´óµÄÉó¸åÈ˲éÎÄÏ׺ͺÍÉÏÍøµÄÄÜÁ¦Ï൱ÓÐÏÞ£¬ÎÞ·¨ºËʵ¸ÃÑо¿ÊÇ·ñÓÐÒâÒ壬´´ÐµãÔÚÄÇÀ·½·¨ÊÇ·ñ¿É¿¿£¬½á¹ûÊÇ·ñ¿ÉÐÅ¡£µ«·ËÒÄËù˼µÄÊÇËûÃǾ­³£ÌáµÄÉó¸åÒâ¼ûÊÇ¡°²Î¿¼ÎÄÏײ»¹»Ð¡±¡£
2.Ñ¡´íÉó¸åÈË
ËäȻһ°ãÖ¸¶¨Á½ÃûÉó¸åÈË£¬µ«±à¼­²¿¾­³£Èò»¶®·Ö×ÓÉúÎïѧµÄÈËÉó·Ö×ÓÉúÎïѧµÄÎÄÕ£¬Èò»¶®Í³¼ÆµÄÈËÉóͳ¼Æ´¦Àí±È½Ï¸´ÔÓµÄÎÄÕ¡£³öÓÚ°®Ãæ×Ó£¬ºÜÉÙÓÐÈËÌá³ö¡°ÎÒ²»ÊʺÏÉóÕâƪÎÄÕ¡±¡£
3.¹ØϵÎÄÕÂ
ÓÐÁ˹Øϵ£¬Ê²Ã´¶¼¼òµ¥ÁË¡£
4.²»³ÐÈÏÒõÐÔ½á¹û
³ÏʵµÄÒõÐÔ½á¹û±»ÈÏΪÎÞÒâÒå¡£¹Ö²»µÃÓÐÈË´óÉù¼²ºô¡°ÎÒÒª°ìÒ»±¾ÒõÐÔÔÓÖ¾¡±¡£
5.Ôì¼Ù
ÈκÎÈ˶¼²»Ô¸Òâ³ÉΪÖƶȵÄÎþÉüÆ·¡£³ö²»À´Ô¤ÆÚ½á¹û¾Íû·¨½»²î¡£ÎªÉú´æ¼Æ£¬Îª°´ÆÚ±ÏÒµ¼Æ£¬Ôì°É¡£
26 ¶¯Ì¬µÄ¿ÆÑÐ
1.¿ÆÑп¿»ýÀÛ¡£
ÏóÂ×ÇÙ·¢ÏÖXÉäÏßÄÇÑùƾ½èÒ»´Î¼òµ¥¹Û²ì¾ÍµÃŵ±´¶û½±µÄ»ú»áÔ½À´Ô½ÉÙ¡£¸ü¶àµÄ¿ÆÑгɹûÀ´×ÔÓÚʵÑéÊÒ³¤ÆÚ»ýÀÛ¡£×îÖÕʵÖÁÃû¹é¡£×ö¿ÆÑв»ÒªÖ¸ÍûÒ»²½µÇÌì¡£Éè¼Æ¿ÎÌâ²»ÒªºÃ¸ßæðÔ¶¡£»ù½ðÆÀÉóÒ²ÊÇÕâÑù¡£Ã»ÓÐÇ°ÆÚ»ýÀÛ£¬»ñµÃ×ÊÖúµÄ¿ÉÄÜÐÔС¡£Ñ¡µ¼Ê¦ÒªÏëºÃ£ºÄãÊÇÒª°×ÊÖÆð¼Ò£¬»¹ÊÇҪΪÈË×÷¼Þ£¿
2.ÎÄÏ×Ҫ׷×Ù¡£
¿ªÌâʱͨ¹ý²éÎÄÏ×Á˽âµÄÇé¿ö£¬µ½½áÌâµÄʱºò¿ÉÄÜÓкܴó²»Í¬¡£ÊµÑé¹ý³ÌÖÐҪעÒâ×·×Ù¡£ÔËÆøºÃ£¬Äã¿ÉÒԵõ½¸ü¶àµÄÏßË÷£»ÔËÆø²»ºÃ£¬·¢ÏÖ±ðÈËÇÀÏÈÁË¡£¾Ý´ËÐÞÕýÄãµÄʵÑ顣дÂÛÎÄ֮ǰһ¶¨ÒªÖØвéÒ»±éÎÄÏס£
3.¼Ç¼Ҫ¸´Ï°¡£
Ç°ÃæµÄʵÑé¼Ç¼Ҫ¾­³£¸´Ï°¡£Ëæמ­ÑéµÄÔö¼ÓºÍÈÏʶµÄÌá¸ß£¬Äã»á·¢ÏÖ×î³õµÄÅжÏδ±ØÕýÈ·¡£
4.²ÄÁÏÒª±äÖÊ¡£
Ëæ×Åʱ¼äµÄÍÆÒÆ£¬ÓÐЩÊÔ¼Á»á½µ½â£¬ÓÐЩÉ豸»áÀÏ»¯£¬Õâµ¼ÖÂÄãÔÚÍêÈ«°´ÕÕÒÔÇ°µÄ·½·¨²Ù×÷ºóµÃ²»µ½ÒÔÇ°µÄ½á¹û¡£PCRÊǸöħ¹í£¡ºÜ¶àÈËÓÐÕâÑùµÄ¸Ð¾õ¡£ÕâÖ»ÊÇÒ»¸ö¼òµ¥µÄÀý×Ó¡£Èç¹ûijÖÖÊÔ¼ÁÖ»ÊÇÓÐЧÁ¿µÄ¼õÉÙ£¬ÄãÐèÒª¼Ó´óÓÃÁ¿¡£Èç¹û±äÖÊÒÔºó²úÉúÁËÓꦵÄÎïÖÊ£¬¿ÖŸû»ÊÔ¼ÁÁË¡£Èç¹ûÉ豸¶ÁÊýÓÐƯÒÆ£¬¾ÍµÃУÕý¡£×ÜÖ®£¬³öÁËÎÊÌâÒªÕÒÔ­Òò£¬Ã¿Ò»²½¶¼Òª¡°È·ÇС±£¡·ñÔò¾ÍÊÇ¿ÌÖÛÇ󽣡£ 5.ÀÏ°åÒª¿´Çå¡£
ÀÏ°åÒ²ÊÇÃþ×Åʯͷ¹ýºÓ¡£ËûµÄÏë·¨ËæʱÔڱ䡣¾õµÃÊÂÇé²»ºÃ£¬Ëû»áתÏò¡£ÄãÒª²ÁÁÁÑÛ¾¦£¬¿´ÇåÃçÍ·£¬·ñÔò»á±»×ªÔΡ£¿ÉÒÔÊʵ±µØÒýµ¼Ò»Ï¡£»¥¶¯Âï¡£Óëʱ¾ã½ø£¡×öºÃ¿ÆÑУ¡
[Ó¡ÏóÅÉ (2-8 16:48, Long long ago)] [ ´«Í³°æ | sForum ][µÇ¼ºó»Ø¸´]15Â¥

ÈçºÎ²éÕÒÎÄÏ×µÄÈ«ÎÄ(¾ÍËã¹ú´óͼÊé¹ÝÒ²²»ÊÇËùÓÐjournalÂòÍêµÄ,»¹ÊÇÓõÃÉÏ£©×¢£ºÓÉÓڴ󲿷ÖԺУδÄܹºÂô¹úÄÚÍâÉÌҵҽѧÊý¾Ý¿â£¬ÈçPUBMED¡¢ElseVierµÈ£¬Òò¶ø¼ìË÷¹úÍâÈ«ÎÄÎÄÏ׺ܸ´ÔÓ¡£ÕâÍùÍù³ÉΪÉÙÊýѧУµÄרÀû¡£±±´óҽѧԺÍøÕ¾ÉÏÓдóÁ¿ÎÄÏ×Ìâ¼£¬µ«½ö¹©×ÔÒÑѧÉúʹÓã¡ÕâÌ«¿ÉϧÁË£¬ÓÉÓÚ°æȨµÈ¶àÖÖÔ­Òò£¬ÏÂÃæ½éÉÜһЩ¿ÉÐеķ½·¨¡£
1¡¢¸ù¾Ý×÷ÕßE-mailµØÖ·£¬Ïò×÷ÕßË÷Òª¡£
ÕâÊÇ×îÓÐЧµÄ·½·¨Ö®Ò»¡£ÎªÁ˸ü·½±ã´ó¼ÒÏò×÷ÕßË÷È¡Ô­ÎÄ£¬µ«Ò»¶¨Òª¼ò½à£¡Ò»°ã¶¼Ô¸ÒâÏòÄãÌṩ¡£ÏÂÃæÊÇÄ£°å£º
Dear Dr. (author name)
I would appreciate receiving a reprint of your article: ********(²»±Øȫд),ÔÓÖ¾Ãû .However, this Journal is not available in our library.
Thank you very much for your consideration.
Respectfully yours,
Yourself name
ÏÂÃæÊÇ¡¶¶¡ÏãÔ°¡·ÌìÌìÌṩµÄÄ£°å£¬Ò²¿É²Î¿¼£ºÐŵÄÄÚÈÝÈçÏ£º
Dear Mr./Mrs.: ________£¨×÷ÕßÃû£©I am a graduate student of Harbin Medical University in China. I major in "________"£¨ÄúµÄרҵ£©. Recently, I found one of your articles, titled "__________" £¨ÎÄÕÂÃû£©in Medline. I found it may help me achieve my goals in this research field. This would make a really positive contribution to my work. I would like to be able to read the full text of this article. The abstract makes the article sound very interesting. I know there is usually a fee required to obtain the full article from Medline; however, as a student, my only income is a small scholarship which is about U S $30.00 per month. I wonder if you would consider sending methe full text by Email. Perhaps you would consider this as an act of friendshipbetween our two countries.Thank you for your kind consideration of this request.Sincerely: ___________£¨ÄúµÄÃû×Ö£©My Email address is: ____________________ £¨ÄãµÄemailµØÖ·£©
11/16/2000
2¡¢È¥ http://www.medcyber.com ҽѧ¿Õ¼äÍø£¬ÌṩȫÎļìË÷·þÎñ¡£
Óû§ÔÚʹÓøÃÍøÕ¾µÄË÷È¡Ô­ÎÄ·þÎñʱ±ØÐë×¢ÒâÒÔÏÂÊÂÏ(1)ÔÚÌṩԭÎĸ´Ó¡±¾Ê±ÊÇʹÓÃɨÃèµÄÐÎʽ£¬Òò´ËÔ­ÎÄÿҳ´óСΪ100k×óÓÒ£¬ËùÒÔË÷È¡Ô­ÎÄʱÐ迼Âǵ½Ë÷È¡Á¿¡£(2)¿¼Âǵ½Ë÷È¡ÎÄÏ×µÄÓû§ÊýÁ¿ºÍÔ­Îĸ´Ó¡±¾É¨Ãè¼þ¶¼·Ç³£´ó£¬Òò´ËÿһλÓû§ÔÚË÷È¡Ô­Îĸ´Ó¡±¾Ê±£¬Ã¿ÈÕÏÞÖÆË÷È¡3ƪÎÄÏס£(3)±¾·þÎñÕë¶Ô»áÔ±½øÐÐÃâ·Ñ·þÎñ£¬Èç¹ûÄú»¹²»ÊÇ»áÔ±£¬ÇëÂíÉÏÃâ·ÑÉêÇë¼ÓÈë¡£ ÔÚË÷È¡Ô­ÎÄ֮ǰÇë²éѯÄúËùË÷È¡µÄÎÄÏ×ÊÇ·ñÔÚÊղط¶Î§Ö®ÄÚ¡£ ÇëÄú[ÏÂÔØ]Ä¿Ç°¹Ý²ØĿ¼£¬ÒÔ±ãÄúËæʱ²éѯ¡£ÁíÍ⽡¿µ´óÄÔÍøÒ²ÌṩԭÎÄ·þÎñ£¬¸ø°æÖ÷·¢e-mail¡£
3¡¢°´²¿¾Í°à£¬¸ù¾ÝÎÄÕ³ö´¦£¬È¥Í¼Êé¹Ý²éÕÒÔ­ÎÄ¡£µ±È»È¥Ò»Ð©½Ï´óͼÊé¹Ý¡£
4¡¢È¥ScienceÍøÉÏÔÓÖ¾ÕÒÎÄÕ¡£¶ÔÖйúÈËÍêÈ«Ãâ·Ñ£¡
5¡¢ High Wire Press ÍøÕ¾£¬Ë¹Ì¹¸´´óѧÖ÷°ì£¬ÎÄÏ×Á¿Ê®·Ö´ó£¬¶øÇÒfree!
Free Medical Journals£¬ÎÒµÄÖ÷Ò³µÄÖÐÍâÆÚ¿¯ÖÐÓм«ÏêϸµÄ˵Ã÷£¡
6 CNKI£ºÖйúÆÚ¿¯ÍøÌṩÈýÖÖÀàÐ͵ÄÊý¾Ý¿â£¬Ìâ¼Êý¾Ý¿â¡¢Ìâ¼ժҪÊý¾Ý¿âºÍÈ«ÎÄÊý¾Ý¿â£¬ÆäÖÐÇ°Á½ÕßÊô²Î¿¼Êý¾Ý¿âÀàÐÍ£¬Ö»ÌṩĿ´ÎºÍÕªÒª£¬¿ÉÔÚÍøÉÏÃâ·Ñ¼ìË÷£¬È«ÎÄÊý¾Ý¿âÐ踶·Ñ¡£Ä¿Ç°¶Ô¸¾¶ù¿ÆÃâ·Ñ¡£
ÓÉÖйúѧÊõÆÚ¿¯µç×ÓÔÓÖ¾É翪°ìµÄÖйúÆÚ¿¯ÍøÊÇÄ¿Ç°¹úÄÚ×î´óÐ͵ÄѧÊõÆÚ¿¯Êý¾Ý¿â£¬¹²ÊÕ¼ÓйúÄÚ6600ÓàÖÖÆÚ¿¯µÄÌ⼡¢ÕªÒªÒÔ¼°3500ÖÖÆÚ¿¯µÄÈ«ÎÄ¡£ÆäÖÐÌ⼺ÍÕªÒª×Ô1994Ä꿪ʼ£¬È«ÎÄÄ¿Ç°Ö»ÓÐ1997ÄêÒÔºóµÄ£¬Ô¤¼Æµ½2001Äê»á»ØËݵ½1994ÄꡣÿÈÕ¸üС£
ÖйúÆÚ¿¯ÍøÊÕ¼µÄÆÚ¿¯¾ùÒÑÓÐÓ¡Ë¢°æ£¬µç×Ó°æµÄËÙ¶ÈÒªÍíÓÚÓ¡Ë¢°æ¡£·¢Ðз½Ê½ÓÐÁ½ÖÖ£ºÒ»ÊǹâÅÌ·½Ê½£¬¼´CAJ-CD£»Ò»ÊÇÍøÂçÐÎʽ£¬³Æ¡°ÖйúÆÚ¿¯Íø¡±£¬¼ò³ÆCNKI¡£¹âÅÌÊÕÈëµÄÆÚ¿¯Ãû¿Éµ½ÈýÂ¥ÏÖ¿¯ÊҺͲο¼×Éѯ²¿²éÕÒ¡£
http://www.cnki.net/http://www.chinajournal.net.cn
7¡¢Ê¹ÓÃÍò·½Êý¾Ý¿â Íò·½Êý¾Ý×ÊԴϵͳÊÇÖйú¿Æ¼¼ÐÅÏ¢Ñо¿Ëù¡¢Íò·½Êý¾Ý¼¯ÍŹ«Ë¾¿ª·¢µÄÍøÉÏÊý¾Ý¿âÁª»ú¼ìË÷ϵͳ£¬¸ÃϵͳÿÄê¿ÉÒÔÌṩ¹²25¸ö´óÀà¡¢74¸öÊý¾Ý¿âµÄÍøÉϼìË÷£¬°üÀ¨ÆÚ¿¯ÂÛÎÄ¡¢×¨ÒµÎÄÏס¢»áÒéÂÛÎÄ¡¢Ñ§Î»ÂÛÎÄ¡¢¿Æ¼¼³É¹û¡¢×¨ÀûÊý¾Ý¡¢¹«Ë¾¼°ÆóÒµ¡¢²úÆ·ÐÅÏ¢¡¢±ê×¼¡¢·¨ÂÉ·¨¹æ¡¢¿Æ¼¼Ãû¼¡¢¸ßµÈԺУÐÅÏ¢¡¢¹«¹²ÐÅÏ¢µÈ¸÷ÀàÊý¾Ý×ÊÔ´¡£Íò·½ÏµÍ³ÖÐÓÐ1000ÓàÖÖµç×ÓÆÚ¿¯£¬ÒÔÀí¹¤¿Æ¼¼ÀàΪÖ÷£¬È«²¿ÊǹúÄÚ³ö°æµÄÖÐÎĺÍÓ¢ÎÄÆÚ¿¯£¬±ÈÓ¡Ë¢°æÂÔÍí¡£http://www.chinainfo.gov.cn http://www.wanfangdata.com.cnÓû§Ãû£ºwfqy09901 ÃÜÂ룺935369
8¡¢½â·Å¾üҽѧͼÊé¹Ý http://www.mlpla.org.cn°üº¬µÄÈ«ÎÄÊý¾Ý¿âÓУºElsevier Science ¡¢UMI ¡¢SwetsNet ¡¢EbscoOnline ÿÃæÓʼÄ1Ôª£¨ÓÊ·ÑÁí¸¶£©Ã¿ÃæEMAIL3Ôª
9¡¢Ë¹Ì¹¸£´óѧHighWire³ö°æÉçµÄµç×ÓÆÚ¿¯
˹̹¸£´óѧHighWire PressÊÇÖøÃûµÄѧÊõ³ö°æÉÌ£¬Ä¿Ç°ÒѳÉΪȫÊÀ½ç×î´óµÄ¡¢Äܹ»Áª»úÌṩÃâ·ÑѧÊõÂÛÎÄÈ«Îĵijö°æÉÌÖ®Ò»¡£ËüÌṩÃâ·Ñ¼ìË÷Ä¿´ÎºÍÕªÒªµÄÆÚ¿¯Îª192ÖÖ£¬Ö÷Òª°üÀ¨ÎïÀí¡¢ÉúÎҽѧºÍÉç»áѧÁìÓòµÄºËÐÄÆÚ¿¯£¬ÆäÖÐÓÐ90ÖÖ¿ÉÒԵõ½È«ÎÄ¡£
¸ÃÕ¾µãÉÏÁгöÁËËùÓпɹ©¼ìË÷µÄÆÚ¿¯Ãû³Æ£¬Óұ߱êʶΪfree siteµÄÆÚ¿¯ÊÇÍêÈ«Ãâ·ÑµÄÆÚ¿¯ £¬¿ÉÒÔ¿´µ½Êý¾Ý¿âÀïÈÎÒâ¾íÆÚµÄÈ«ÎÄ£»±êʶΪfree trailµÄÆÚ¿¯ÊÇÃâ·ÑÊÔÓõÄÆÚ¿¯£¬ÔÚÒ»¶ÎÊÔÓÃÆÚÄÚ¿ÉÒÔÃâ·ÑµÃµ½ÆÚ¿¯È«ÎÄ£»±êʶΪfree issuesµÄÆÚ¿¯ÊÇÖ¸²»ÄÜ¿´µ½×îгö°æ¾íÆÚµÄÂÛÎÄ£¬µ«¿ÉÒÔ»ØËݼ¸¸öÔÂÒÔÇ°»ò1µ½2ÄêÒÔÇ°ËùÓеĹý¿¯ÎÄÕ¡£
http://highwire.stanford.edu/
http://intl.highwire.org/
10¡¢ ºÃÒ½ÉúÍøÕ¾¡¢37CÌṩ²¿·ÖÈ«ÎÄ
Ç°Õߣº¿ÉÒÔÌṩÃâ·ÑµÄÈ«ÎÄ·þÎñ¡£ÌìÌìÈ¥¿´ÁËһϣ¬¹ûÈ»²»´í£¬ÖÐÎÄ¡¢Ó¢ÎÄÆÚ¿¯ºÜ¶à£¬¶øÇÒ¸üеúܿ졣ӢÎĵÄÆÚ¿¯ÓÐ100ÖÖ×óÓÒ£¬¶àΪºËÐľ­µäÆÚ¿¯£¬¶øÇÒÕªÒªÊÇÖÐÓ¢ÎĶÔÕյġ£Óɴ˿ɼûÆä½³ÐĶÀ¾ß¡£Èç¹ûÏëÃâ·Ñ»ñÈ¡È«ÎÄ£¬¾ÍÒªÏÈ×¢²áһϣ¬ÕâÀïÒ»¶¨Òª×¢Ò⣬ҪÁôÏÂÄúµÄÕæʵÐÕÃû¡¢µØÖ·¡¢µç»°µÈ×ÊÁÏ¡£ÒòΪÍøվҪȷÈϺó²ÅÄܳÐÈÏÄúΪÕýʽ»áÔ±£¬¶øÖ»ÓÐÕýʽ»áÔ±²ÅÄÜË÷È¡Ô­ÎÄ¡£ÁíÍ⻹ҪעÒ⣬ÿһ¸öÓû§µ±ÌìÖ»ÄÜÃâ·ÑË÷È¡2ƪԭÎÄ¡£ºóÕߣ»ÊÕ¼´Ó1998ÄêÖÁ½ñ¹úÄÚµÄÖ÷ÒªÖÐÎÄÆÚ¿¯µÄÈ«ÎÄ¡£·Ç³£ºÃ£¡µ«ÎÄÏ×Á¿»¹ÉÙÁËЩ¡£ÁíÍâ999Ò²ÌṩȫÎÄ·þÎñ£¬µ«ÊÕ·Ñ£¨ËùνµÄ½ð¿¨»áÔ±£©
11 ÈôÒªÎÄÕ£¬¿Éͨ¹ý³¬ÐÇͼÊé¹Ý£¬´ÓÍøÒ×ÉÏÏÂÔس¬ÐÇͼÊé¹ÝרÓÃÏÂÔØÆ÷¼´¿ÉÃâ·ÑÏÂÔØÁË£¡¼«ºÃ£¡Äú¿ÉÃâ·ÑÏÂÔØÊ®ÍòÖÖÊ飬·ñÔòÄãÒ²¿ÉÒÔÖ±½ÓÔĶÁ¡£
12¡¢Èç¹û×÷ÕßÓÐ×Ô¼ºµÄÖ÷Ò³£¬¿ÉÒÔÈ¥×÷ÕßµÄÖ÷Ò³¿´¿´¡£²»¹ýÒ»°ã²éÕÒ×÷ÕßµÄÖ÷Ò³µ¹²»ÈÝÒ×£¡
13 ÀûÓÃËÑË÷ÒýÇ棺һ°ãÖÐÎÄÑ¡ÓÃÍøÒ×£¬¶ÔҽѧÉúÎïѧÄÚÈÝÊÕ¼½Ï¶à£¬¹Ø¼ü´Ê£ºÄãËùÒª²éµÄÎÄÏ×ÖÐ×îרҵµÄ´Ê»ã AND ²ÄÁÏÓë·½·¨£¨ÒòΪÕâÊÇÒ»°ãÂÛÎÄͨÓøñʽ£©ÈôΪ×ÛÊö£¬¼Ó¡°×ÛÊö¡±×ÖÑù£¬Ð§¹û»¹¿ÉÒÔ¡£
Ó¢ÎIJÉÓÃÖøÃûµÄËÑË÷ÒýÇ棬ÈçLycos£¬HotBot£¬Yahoo£¬ÎÒµÄÖ÷Ò³µÄÊ×Ò³ºÍÎÄÏ×¼ìË÷ÖоùÓУ¬ÊäÈëÏêϸµÄ¹Ø¼ü´Ê£¨Ò»¶¨Òª¾ßÓÐÌØÕ÷ÐÔ£¬·ÀÖ¹ËÑË÷³öÌ«¶àµÄ¶«Î÷£©£¬Ä©Î²¼ÓPDF¿ÉÄÜЧ¹û¸üºÃЩ¡£Èç²éÕë´ÌÖÎÁÆÐļ¡È±ÑªÎÄÏ×£ºmyocardial ischemia AND acupuncture AND PDF£¬Ð§¹û»¹¿ÉÒÔ¡£
14¡¢ÔÚMedlineÕÒ³öÔ­Îĺ󣬵ã»÷Order¾Í¿ÉÒÔÂòµ½Ô­ÎÄ£¬¼ÛÇ®ºÜ¹óѽ¡£
15 ÖÐÎÄÎÄÏ×£¬´ó¶àÐèÒªÂò£¬Íò·½Êý¾Ý¿â¡¢CNKI¡¢999¶¼ÊÇÈ«ÎÄ£¬Ç뻨Ǯ°É£¬²»¹ýÕâÑù̫û¼ÛÖµÁË¡£ÖÐÎÄÎÄÏ×¼ÛÖµÒ»°ãÇ·¸ß£¡²»½¨Òé¸öÈ˹ºÂò£¡
CNKIÖС°ÆÚ¿¯Ìâ¼Êý¾Ý¿â¡±ÊÇÃâ·ÑµÄ¡£ÕÒµ½Ò½Ñ§Àà±ð£¬ÔÙÊäÈë¹Ø¼ü´Ê£¬¼ìË÷½á¹û³öÀ´ºó£¬¿ÉÒÔ»ñÖªÎÄÕµijö´¦¡£ÄÚÈÝ֮ȫ£¬·¶Î§Ö®¹ã£¬¸üÐÂÖ®¿ì£¬±ÈÍò·½Êý¾Ý¿âÇ¿¶àÁË¡£µ«¾ÍÊDz»ÄÜÃâ·Ñ²éÈ«ÎĺÍÕªÒª¡£Èç¹ûÄãÔ¸Òâ½»·ÑÒ²¿ÉÒÔ£¬´ó¸ÅÊÇ660Ôª/Ô£¬¿´À´³ýÁ˵¥Î»Ö®ÍâûÈËÔ¸Òâ½»·ÑÁË¡£
16¡¢ Ó븴µ©´óѧҽѧԺͼÊé¹ÝÁªÏµ£¬ÏêÇéÈçÏ£º
¢ÙÀûÓÃÎҹݹݲأ»¢ÚÀûÓÃÎÒ¹ÝHomepageÉϵĵç×ÓÆÚ¿¯£»¢ÛÀûÓñ¾ÊÐÆäËüҽҩͼÊé¹ÝµÄ¹Ý²Ø(¾Í½üÓжþÒ½¡¢ÖлªÒ½Ñ§»á¡¢ÖпÆԺͼÊé¹Ý)£»¢Ü¹úÄÚ´ó½ûÓеÄÆÚ¿¯£¬°ïÄúͨ¹ý¡°ÑÇÖÞÇÅ¡±»òÏã¸Û´óѧҽѧͼÊé¹Ý²éÕÒ¡£ ¡¡¡¡ÎÒÃǽӵ½ÄúµÄÉêÇëºó£¬ÀûÓÃÉÏÊö1£­3;¾¶¿É²éµÃµÄÎÄÏ×£¬ÈýÌìÄÚ±ã¿É½«Ô­Îĵĸ´Ó¡¼þ×¼±¸ºÃ£¬Í¨ÖªÄú»ò¼Ä¸øÄú¡£¾ßÌåÊշѱê׼Ϊ£ºÀûÓñ¾¹ÝÎÄÏ׸´Ó¡µÄÿƪÎÄÏ×ÊÕ²éѯ·Ñ2Ôª£¬´ÓÍⵥλ¸´Ó¡µÄÊÕ²éѯ·Ñ3Ôª£¬¸´Ó¡·Ñ°´¸÷¹ÝµÄ¸´Ó¡¼ÛÊÕ¡£Èç¹ûÀûÓõÚ4Ìõ;¾¶²éÕÒ£¬ÖÜÆÚ¿ÉÄÜÒª³¤Ð©£¬¹À¼ÆÔÚÒ»Öܵ½Ò»¸öÔÂ×óÓÒ¡£Êշѱê׼Ϊ£ºÒ»´Î²éѯ(²»ÏÞƪÊý)ÊÕͨѶ·Ñ3Ôª£¬¸´Ó¡·Ñ0.50Ôª/Ò³£¬ÁíÍâÿƪÎÄÏ×ÊÕ²éѯ·Ñ2Ôª¼°Êµ¼ÊÓÊ·Ñ¡£Èç¹ûûÄÜÕÒµ½Ô­ÎÄ£¬²»ÊÕÈ¡ÈκηÑÓᣠÄúÈç¹ûÏëͬÎÒÃdz¤ÆÚ½¨Á¢¸ÃÏî·þÎñ¹Øϵ£¬¿ÉÔ¤ÏÈÖ§¸¶Ò»¶¨½ð¶î£¬½¨Á¢Ò»¸öÕÊ»§£¬·ÑÓÃÒÔºóÖð´Î¿Û³ý¡£²éѯÉêÇë¿Éͨ¹ýÊéÐÅ¡¢µç»°¡¢´«Õæ»òE-mailÐÎʽ¡£ÁªÏµÈË£º ÖÜÔÂÇÛ ²ÜÁë
ÁªÏµµç»°£º (021)64041900 X 2722´«Õ棺 (021)64037222ÁªÏµµØÖ·£º ¸´µ©´óѧҽѧԺͼÊé¹Ý°ËÂ¥ E-mail: ill@shmu.edu.cn
17¡¢ ÖØÇìάÆÕ×ÊѶ¹«Ë¾
ÊÕ¼ÓÐÖÐÎı¨Ö½1000ÖÖ,ÖÐÎÄÆÚ¿¯12000ÖÖ,ÍâÎÄÆÚ¿¯4000ÖÖ,ÓµÓй̶¨¿Í»§2000Óà¼Ò¡£Î¬ÆÕÓÐÁ½ÖÖ×¢²áÓû§£¬Ò»ÖÖÊÇ¿ÉÒÔ²éÔÄÈ«Îĵģ¬ÕâÖÖÊÇÒªÊշѵġ£ ÁíÍâ¾ÍÊÇÒ»°ã×¢²áÓû§£¬ÊÇʹÓÃÃâ·Ñ×ÊÔ´µÄ£¬±ÈÈçÈ«ÎļìË÷£¬ÌÖÂÛ°æµÈµÈ¡£ ÊÕ·ÑÓû§ÖвÉÓðü¿â·½Ê½µÄ»ú¹¹Óû§»ò¸öÈË£¬ÎÒÃǽ«ÔÚÄêÄ©¸½ËÍÆÚËù°ü¿âµÄ¹âÅÌ°æ×÷Ϊ±£´æÓᣠÁ÷Á¿¼Æ·ÑµÄÓû§ÔÚÀÛ¼ÆÒ»¶¨½ð¶îºó£¬ÎÒÃǽ«ÔöËÍʹÓÃʱ¼ä»òÊǹâÅ̰档ͬʱÌá¸ßÆä»áÔ±¼¶±ð£¬½«»ñµÃ¸üÓŻݵÄʹÓ÷ÑÓá£
18 Ãâ·ÑÖÐÎÄÈ«ÎļìË÷£º³¬ÐǶÁÊéÊÔÓÿ¨19.ÆäËû
È«¹úҽѧÎÄÏ×ÐÅÏ¢ÖÐÐÄ£¨±±¾©Ò½¿Æ´óѧͼÊé¹Ý£©
http://library.bjmu.edu.cn
¿ÉÒÔ²éÈ«¹úÎ÷ÎÄҽѧÆÚ¿¯ÁªÄ¿
¹ú¼Ò¿Æ¼¼Í¼ÊéÎÄÏ×ÖÐÐÄ
http://www.netdoc.gov.cn
http://www.nstl.gov.cn
µØÖ·£º¸´ÐË·15ºÅ£¬µç»°ºÍ´«Õ棺68515023
ÃÀ¹úÉñ¾­·ÅÉäѧÔÓÖ¾
http://www.ajnr.org/searchall
[Ó¡ÏóÅÉ (2-8 16:51, Long long ago)] [ ´«Í³°æ | sForum ][µÇ¼ºó»Ø¸´]16Â¥

(ÒýÓà ӡÏóÅÉ:¿ÆÑÐÉú»î¼°ÆäÏ°¹ß¿ÆÑÐÉú»î¼°ÆäÏ°¹ß Ŀ¼£º Ò»¡¢Ñо¿ÉúÉú»îºÍÏÖ×´ ¶þ¡¢×öºÃ¼Æ»® Èý¡¢Ñо¿¹ý³ÌÖеÄ×¢Òâµã ËÄ¡¢ÈçºÎ²éÔÄÎÄÏ× Îå¡¢ÈçºÎ×÷ʵÑ...)¿ÆÑÐËæÏ뼡°Öî¾ýµ½´óѧÀïÀ´£¬ÍòÎð´æÐÄÖ»Òª¶®ÁËÒ»µãרÃż¼Êõ£¬ÒÔΪÈÕºóıÉúµÄµØ²½£¬¾ÍËãÂú×㣬¶øÊÇҪΪÕü¾ÈÖлª×öÉç»áµÄíÆÖù¡£¡±

¡ª¡ªóÿÉèå

1¡¢ÃñÓªÆóÒµ¼ÒµÄ¾«Éñ

ÕæÕý×öѧÎÊ£¬ÊÇÒªÒ»ÖÖ¾«ÉñµÄ¡£ÃñÓªÆóÒµ¼ÒÓÐÖÖΪ×Ô¼º¸É»îµÄÎñʵ¾«Éñ£¬ÓÐÖÖÃͳåÃÍ´ò¡¢ÈñÒâ½øÈ¡¡¢ËÀËÀҧסÏîÄ¿²»·ÅµÄ¾«Éñ£¬ÓÐÒ»ÖÖ´ÓÔç¸Éµ½Íí¡¢ÐÇÆÚÌìÒ²²»ÐÝÏ¢¡¢ÓмҲ»»ØÓк¢×Ó²»±§µÄ¾«Éñ£¬ÊÇÏÖÔÚµÄÑо¿Éú×ö¿ÆÑÐËùȱ·¦µÄ¡£Ñ§Éú²»ÊÇÀÏ°åµÄ´ò¹¤×С£²»Òª°Ñ×Ô¼ºÄ¬ÈÏΪÀÏ°åµÄ´ò¹¤×У¬Èç¹û°Ñ×Ô¼ºÄ¬ÈÏΪÀÏ°åµÄ´ò¹¤×У¬Ôò²»ÄÜÕæÕý·¢»Ó×Ô¼ºÖ÷¹ÛÄܶ¯ÐÔ£¬²»ÀûÓÚÅàÑø¶ÀÁ¢¹¤×÷ÄÜÁ¦¡£ÀÏ°åÊǶ­Ê³¤£¬ÊÖϵÄѧÉúÓ¦¸Ã°Ñ×Ô¼ºÄ¬ÈÏΪÏîÄ¿¾­Àí£¬Òª°ÑÀÏ°å½»¸ø×Ô¼ºµÄ¹¤×÷ÕæÕýµ±×÷×Ô¼ºµÄÊÂÇ飬ÕæÕýÂ䵽ʵ´¦¡£Òª¶Àµ±Ò»Ã棬×öºÃ¿ÉÐÐÐÔ·ÖÎö¡¢ÏîÄ¿Éè¼Æ¡¢Ò©Æ·¹ÜÀí¡¢¾­·Ñ¹ÜÀí¡¢Ê±¼ä¹ÜÀíºÍÎÄ×Ö´¦Àí£¬ÔÚ¿ÆÑÐÖÐÅàÑø¹ÜÀíÄÜÁ¦ºÍ¶ÀÁ¢¹¤×÷ÄÜÁ¦¡£³ä·Ö·¢»ÓÖ÷¹ÛÄܶ¯ÐÔ£¬×ö²»ºÃʵÑ飬Á¬¾õҲ˯²»×Å£¬ÖÐÎçÒ²²»ÒªÐÝÏ¢ÁË¡£Ö»ÓÐÓÐÕâÑùµÄÐÄ̬£¬²ÅÄÜ×öºÃ¿ÆÑУ¬·ñÔò°Ñ×Ô¼ºµ±×÷¹úÓªÆóÒµÖ°¹¤£¬Ï°àÁåÒ»Ïì¾Í³Ô·¹£¬½ñÌìû¸ÉÍêµÄÊÂÇéÁôµ½Ã÷ÌìÈ¥×ö°É£¬ÊµÑé×ö²»ºÃ¾Í×ö²»ºÃ£¬×Ô¼ºÒ²²»¼±£¬Ö»¹Ë×Ô¼º´òÓÎÏ·ÉÏÍø¿´Â¼Ïñ£¬ÕâÑùÔõôÄÜ×ö³ö³öÉ«µÄ¿ÆÑÐÄØ£¿

×ÜÖ®£¬ÎҵĹ۵ãÊÇ£ºÃñÓªÆóÒµ¼ÒµÄÄǹÉÈñÆø£¬ÄÇÖÖΪ×Ô¼º¸É»îµÄ¾«Éñ£¬ÄÇÖÖËÀËÀҧס²»·Å¾«Éñ£¬¶ÔÓÚ×ö¿ÆÑеÄÈËÀ´½²ÊÇÓкܴóÆôʾ×÷Óõġ£¿ÆÑк͹ÜÀíÆäʵÓкܶàÏà֮ͨ´¦.


2¡¢¶Ô³öÎÄÕÂ̬¶ÈµÄÔÙÈÏʶ

Ò»¸öÈ˶ÔÇ®µÄ¹ÛÄîºÍÎÄÃ÷³Ì¶È»áËæ×ÅÓµÓвƸ»µÄÔö¼Ó¶ø±ä»¯¡£ÎÒ´ÓСÉú»îÔÚƶÃñÇø£¬ÄÇÀïµÄÈ˺ÜÇԽÊÇÇîµÄÈËÔ½ÊÇ°ÑÒ»µãÇ®¿´µÃ±Èʲô¶¼´ó£¬Éæ¼°½ðÇ®ÀûÒæµÄʱºò·Ç³£½ï½ï¼Æ½Ï£¬¿´µçÊÓ²»¿ªµÆ£¬³åÂíÍ°ÓÃÌÍÃ×Ï´²ËË®£¬ÈÈËÀ²»³Ë¿Õµ÷³µ£¬Ôڲ˳¡ÀïΪÁ˱ãÒËÎå·ÖÇ®»¹ÒªÌÖ¼Û»¹¼ÛÀÏ°ëÌ죬ÁÙ×ßÇ°»¹³ÃÈ˲»×¢Òâ´Ó̯··ÄÇÀïÀÌÉÏÒ»°Ñ¡£×ÓŮΪÁË·¿×ÓÕ¹¿ª¼¤ÁÒÕù¶áµÄÂżû²»ÏÊ£¡¶øµ±Ò»¸öÈËÓÐһǧÍòµÄʱºò£¬¶ÔÇ®µÄÈÏʶºÍÎÄÃ÷³Ì¶È»áÓÐеı仯£¬ÈËÃÇ»áΪÁ˳ɾ͸жø¹¤×÷£¬ÎªÁË×Ô¼ºµÄÐËȤ°®ºÃ¶ø¹¤×÷£¬¶ø²»ÊÇΪÁ˳Է¹¶ø¹¤×÷¡£ÈËÃÇ»á¸ü¼Ó¿¶¿®£¬¸ü¼ÓÐÄÐØ¿í¹ã¡£ÖÁÓÚÏóÀî¼Î³ÏÄÇÑù£¬¾Í¸üÊÇÒ»ÖÖо³½çÁË¡£

ͬÑù£¬ÎÒ¶Ô³öÎÄÕµÄ̬¶ÈÒ²Ëæ×ųöÎÄÕÂÊýµÄÔö¼Ó¶ø±ä»¯¡£Ã»ÓÐÎÄÕµÄʱºòºÜϲ»¶³öÎÄÕ£¬¾õµÃÎÄÕ¶àºÜÔų́ÐÍ£¬ÏÖÔÚ²»Êǵ½´¦¸ãÅʱÈÂð£¿ÎªÁ˳öÎÄÕ£¬¾Ý¸´µ©Ð£±¨ÉϽ²£¬ÏÖÔںܶàÈ˲»ÊÇÁ÷ÐÐһƪÎÄÕ²ð³ÉÈýƪÀ´Ð´Â𣿲»ÊÇÁ÷ÐС°¿ì±¨+³¤ÎÄÕ¡±Âð£¿ÆÀ½±Ñ§½ð²»ÊÇÒªÎÄÕÂÂ𣿳ö¹ú²»ÊÇÒªÎÄÕÂÂð£¿ÒÔÇ°ÓÐÈËÅúÆÀÎÒµÄÎÄÕÂÊǶÌÎÄÕ£¬ÎÒ·Þ·Þ²»Æ½µØ˵£º¡°¶ÌÎÄÕÂÒ²ÊÇÎÄÕ£¡ÓÐ×ܱÈûÓкã¡¡±£¬µ«ÊÇËæ×ÅÎÄÕÂÊýµÄÔö¼Ó£¬ÎÒ¾õµÃÎÄÕ¶àÓÖ²»Äܵ±·¹³Ô¡£Èç¹ûÎÒÒª³ö¹ú£¬ÄÇôÁ½Ò³µÄÖйúÎÄÕÂÒ²Äò»³öÈ¥°¡¡£Èç¹ûÎÒ½«À´Òªµ±½ÌÊÚ£¬ÄÇôµ×ϵÄÆÀίÓÖ²»ÊÇɵ¹Ï£¬ÎÄÕµµ´Îµ±È»ºÜÖØÒª¡£¿´ÁËÍâÃæһЩѧУһЩÈ˵IJ©Ê¿ÂÛÎÄ×îºóÒ»Ò³¡°ÎÄÕ·¢±íĿ¼¡±£¬·¢ÏÖÓеÄÈËÎÄÕºܶ࣬ÈýÊ®¼¸Æª£¬µ«¶¼ÊÇÃû×ÖҲûÓÐÌýµ½¹ýµÄÔÓÖ¾ºÍ»áÒéÂÛÎÄ£¬¶øÇÒÒ»´ó°ë¶¼ÊǵÚ10×÷Õߣ¬Ò»ÆªÍâ¹úÎÄÕÂҲûÓС£ÕâÑùµÄ¡°ÎÄÕ¶ࡱ£¬¸øÈËÒ»ÖÖʲô¸Ð¾õÄØ£¿

Ëæ×ÅÔÄÀúµÄÔö¼Ó£¬ÎÒ¸ü¶àµØ½Ó´¥ÁËJournal of CatalysisÉϵÄÎÄÕ£¬¸ü¶àµØÁ˽âÁËÎÒµÄÃÀ¹úÀϰ塪¡ªZaera½ÌÊÚÎÄÕºÍÀÏ°åµÄÀϰ塪SomorjaiµÄµÚÒ»Á÷µÄÎÄÕ¡£ZaeraµÄÎÄÕ²¢²»¶à£¬Ò»ÄêÖ»³ö10ƪ£¬Æð³õÎÒ´ø×ÅһЩ³°Ð¦µÄÑ۹⿴Õâ¸öÊý×Ö¡°10ƪ¡±£¬µ«ÊDz鵽ԭÎÄ£¬·¢ÏÖÕâËùν¡°10ƪ¡±£¬ÕæÊÇһƪµÖµÃÉÏÖйúÈË10ƪ£¬ÎÄÕ³¤µÃ²»µÃÁË£¬Ã¿ÆªÎÄÕÂÓ¡³öÀ´15-20Ò³×óÓÒ£¬Êý¾Ý¶àµÃÄÑÒÔÏëÏó£¬ÌÖÂÛÕ¼ÎÄÕ³¤¶ÈµÄ1/2¡£ÖÁÓÚÄÚÈÝ£¬¸üÊÇÓÐÒâÒåµÄ¡£¿´ÁËÕâЩÎÄÕ£¬µÄÈ·¶ÔÎÒ³öÎÄÕµÄ̬¶È²úÉúºÜ´óÓ°Ï죬¼´£ºÎÒÏ£ÍûÎÒ½«À´µÄPaper ListÉ϶¼Êdz¤ÎÄÕ£¬¶¼ÊǸßÖÊÁ¿µÄÎÄÕ£¬ÕâÒ²ÊÇÖйúÀÏ°å¾­³£½ÌÓýÎҵġ£


3¡¢Á½ÖÖ²»Í¬µÄ¿ÆÑзç¸ñ

ÎÒÃÇʵÑéÊÒ½ñÄêÓÐÁ½¸öÈ˳ö¹ú¡ª¡ªÎÒºÍÎÒʦÐÖ¡£ÎÒÃÇ´ÓÖ÷¹ÛÉϽ²¶¼Ïë¸ãºÃ¿ÆÑУ¬µ«ÎÒÃǵĿÆÑзç¸ñ£¬ÊÇÁ½ÖÖ¸÷ÓÐǧÇïµÄ·ç¸ñ¡£

ÎÒʦÐÖÊÇÄÇÖÖ³ÁµÃסÆøµÄÈË¡£Ëûϲ»¶×öÄÇÖÖÄѶȴóµÃ¾ªÈ˵ĿÎÌ⣬¶ø¶Ô¡°²»×öÒ²ÄÜÏëÏóµÃ³ö´óÖ½á¹û¡±µÄ¿ÎÌâÏÔÈ»²»¸ÐÐËȤ¡£Ëû¿ÉÒÔÈÝÈÌÒ»ÄêÉõÖÁ¸ü³¤Ê±¼äʵÑéºÁÎÞ½øÕ¹£¬ËûÄܹ»ÈÌÊܳɰٴεÄʧ°Ü£¬ËûÄÜ´ÓÈݲ»Æȵؼá³Ö×öʵÑ鵽˶ʿÂÛÎÄд×÷Ç°¼¸Ì죬ËûÄÜÎÔн³¢µ¨´ýÒµ¿¼Íи£GREÁªÏµ³ö¹ú¡£

¶øÎҵĿÆÑзç¸ñ£¬ÊÜ×öÉúÒâÓ°ÏìºÜ´ó¡£6-7ÄêÇ°µÄÁ½¸öÊî¼Ù£¬ÎÒÔھ˾˵Ĺ«Ë¾µ±ÏúÊÛÔ±¡£×öÁãÊÛ¾ÍÊÇÕâôһÖÖÐÄ̬£¬¾ÍÊÇ¡°Ã¿ÌìҪȷ±£ÓªÒµ¶î¡±£¬Èç¹û½ñÌìûÓÐʲôÉúÒ⣬Äþ¿É½µ¼ÛҲҪȷ±£ÓªÒµ¶î£¬Èç¹ûµ±Ìì²»Íê³ÉÒ»¶¨µÄÓªÒµ¶î£¬ÐÄÀïºÜÊDz»°²£¬Èç¹û¼¸ÌìûÓÐ×öµ½ÉúÒ⣬¸üÊǼ±ËÀÁË¡£×öÉúÒ⻹ÓÐÁíÍâÒ»ÖÖÐÄ̬£¬¾ÍÊÇ×ܹé¼ðºÃ×öµÄÀ´×ö£¬²»ºÃ×öµÄ²»×ö¡£ÓÚÊÇ£¬µ½Ä¿Ç°ÎªÖ¹£¬ÎҵĿÆÑзç¸ñ¾ÍÊÇϲ»¶×öÄÇЩÿÌ춼ÓÐÊý¾Ý½øÕʵÄʵÑ飬ÄÄÅÂÊÇ»úе²Ù×÷¡£ÎÒ²»´óϲ»¶×öÄѶȴóµÃ¾ªÈË¡¢Á¬Ó°×ÓҲûÓеĿÎÌâ¡£ÎÒµ¹±È½Ïϲ»¶×ö¹¤×÷Á¿´óµÃ¾ªÈË£¬µ«ÖÁÉÙÄÜ×ö³öÀ´¡¢Ã¿Ì춼ÓÐÊÕ»ñ¡¢Ã¿Ì춼֪µÀÃ÷Ìì¸Ã×öʲôµÄ¿ÎÌâ¡£

ÎÒʦÐÖºÍÎÒ¿ÆÑзç¸ñµÄ²»Í¬£¬³ýÁ˺ͱ˴˸öÐÔÓйØÒÔÍ⣬¿ÉÄܺÍרҵÌصãÓйء£Ëû¸ãµÄÊDzÄÁϺϳɣ¬ÎÒ¸ãµÄÊÇ´ß»¯¡£²ÄÁϺϳÉÒª¶¯ÄÔ×ӵģ¬Ê§°ÜµÄ¿ÉÄÜÐԴ󣻶ø´ß»¯ÊÇ¡°¿à¹¦ÐÍ¡±µÄ¡£Äã˵ÕæÕýÓжàÉÙÌرðµÄ´´Ôì·¢Ã÷ÔÚÀïÃ棿ºÜÉÙÓС£´ß»¯¾ÍÊDz»ÑáÆä·±µØ×ö×ö×ö£¬±ºÉÕζȵÄÓ°Ïì¡¢¸ºÔØÁ¿µÄÓ°Ïì¡¢Îȶ¨ÐÔ¿¼²ì£¬»òÕßÊÇTG½á¹û¡¢TEM½á¹û¡¢XPS½á¹û¡¢IR½á¹û¡¢XRD½á¹û¡¢·´Ó¦²âÊÔ½á¹û......

ÎÒÄÑÒÔÇø·ÖÕâÁ½ÖÖ¿ÆÑзç¸ñ£¬ÄÄÖÖ¸üºÃЩ¡£Ò²ÐíÎÒÃÇÒÔºóÒ²Òª×öÉúÒâµÄ£¬ÕâÁ½ÖÖ·ç¸ñÕÕÑù»¹»áÌåÏÖÔڱ˴˵Ä×öÉúÒâ·ç¸ñÖÐ......


4¡¢·¢±íÎÄÕºͻýÀÛ

ºÜ¶àͬѧ¶¼Ï£Íû³öÒýÓÃÒò×ӸߵÄÎÄÕ£¬Æäʵ³öÎÄÕÂÒ²ÓлýÀÛЧӦµÄ¡£´ß»¯½çÎÄÕµÄ×î¸ß¾³½çÊÇJournal of Catalysis£¬Õâ¸öÔÓÖ¾²¢²»ÊÇËæ±ãͶͶ¾ÍһͶ¼´Öеġ£ÔÚJournal of Catalysis·¢±íÎÄÕÂÊÇÐèÒª¹¤×÷»ýÀ۵ġ£Õâ°üÀ¨Á½²ãÒâ˼£ºÒ»²ãÊÇÔÚÕâ¸ö¿ÎÌâÉÏ×ö¹ýºÜ¶àÆ̵æÐԵŤ×÷£¬»ñµÃÁ˺ܶྭÑ飬ÔÚ×Ô¼º¾­ÑéºÍ»ýÀ۵Ļù´¡ÉÏ£¬ÔÚ×Ô¼ºÌå»áÉî¿ÌµÄÁìÓò£¬ÍùÍùÄܹ»È¡µÃÍ»ÆÆ£»µÚ¶þ²ãÒâ˼ÊÇÄãÔÚÕâ¸öÁìÓò×ö¶àÁË£¬·¢±íÁ˺ܶàÎÄÕ£¬µ½×îºóÕâ¸öÁìÓòµÄר¼Ò¶¼ÈÏʶÄãÁË£¬ÖªµÀÄãµÄ¹¤×÷µÄϵͳÐÔ¡¢¿É¿¿ÐԺͶÔÕâ¸öÁìÓòµÄÖØÒªÐÔ£¬ÄÇô¸øÓè·¢±íÄËÊÇ˳Àí³ÉÕµÄÊÂÇéÁË¡£¼´Éó¸åÈ˾ÍÊǸãÕâÒ»Ðеģ¬Ò²¿´ÈËÍ·µÄ£¬Ò²ÖªµÀ×öÕâÒ»ÐÐÓÐÕâô¸öСÓÐÃûÆøµÄÈË£¬¶ø¼ÙÉèÒ»¸ö¡°Ä³Ä³Ê¦·¶¸ßµÈר¿ÆѧУ½ÌÎñ´¦¡±µÄÃû×ÖҲûÌýµ½¹ýµÄÈËÒ²À´Í¶Õâ¸öÔÓÖ¾£¬¶à°ëÊÇÍ˸壻Èç¹ûÉó¸åÈËÊÇ´óͬÐжø²»ÊÇСͬÐУ¬Ò²»á¿´Í¶¸åÈ˵ġ°²Î¿¼ÎÄÏס±²¿·Ö£¬ÒÔÇ°ÓÐÎÞÔÚÕâ¸öÁìÓò·¢±í¹ýÎÄÕ£¬ÔÚÕâ¸öÁìÓòµÄ¹ú¼ÊÔÓÖ¾ÉÏ·¢±íºÜ¶àϵÁй¤×÷µÄÈ˱ÈʲôҲû·¢±í¹ýµÄ¡°ÐÂÃæ¿×¡±Â¼È¡»ú»á¸ßµÃ¶à¡£

2000Ä꣬ÎÒÃÇ¿ÎÌâ×éʵÏÖÁËJournal of CatalysisÁãµÄÍ»ÆÆ£¬¶øΪÁËÕâ¸öÁãµÄÍ»ÆÆ£¬ÎÒÃÇÔÚ¹ÌÌ峬ǿËá·½Ãæ×öÁË10ÄêµÄÆ̵棬ÐγÉÁËÒ»Ì׳ÉÊìµÄ´ß»¯¼ÁÖƱ¸¡¢±íÕ÷·½·¨£¬´îºÃÁË×°Ö㬲¢Êì͸ÁËÎÄÏס£10ÄêÀ´·¢±íÁËһϵÁй¤×÷£¬Öð½¥´Ó¹úÄÚ×ßÏò¹úÍ⣬¹¤×÷±»¹úÍâ¶àƪREVIEWÒýÓ㬹úÍâһЩ×ö³¬Ç¿ËáµÄ´ó¼ÒÒ²À´º¯Ë÷È¡·¢±íÔÚÖйúÔÓÖ¾ÉϵÄÎÄÕ¡£ÕýÊÇÔÚÕâÑùÒ»Öֺ÷ÕΧµÄѬÌÕÏ£¬²ÅÄܹ»ÐγÉÒ»¶¨µÄ·ÉÔ¾£¬ºñ»ý²ÅÄܱ¡·¢¡£µ±Ê±ÉèÏëÎÒÃÇ×éÈç¹ûÄÜÓÐÍ»ÆƵĻ°£¬×îÓÐÏ£ÍûÔÚÕâ¸öÁìÓòÍ»ÆÆ£¬¿ÉÒÔ˵ÄÇƪJournal of CatalysisÊÇżȻÖеıØÈ»¡£Ò»»ØÉú£¬¶þ»ØÊ졣ͬһ¸öÔÓ־Ͷ¶àÁË£¬±à¼­Ò²ÖªµÀÄãͶ¹ýÀ´µÄ¸å×Ó¶¼ÊǺÜÓÐÒâ˼µÄ£¬¶ø²»ÊÇ¡°´Áһǹ¡±»ìһƪÎÄÕ¡£ÀÏ¿Í»§ÁËÂÒò´Ë¾ÍºÜºÃͨ¹ýÁË¡£ÕâÒ²ÊÇÒ»ÖÖÀÛ»ýЧӦ¡£


5¡¢¡°·ÏÊý¾Ý¡±

´ó¼Ò˶ʿ±ÏÒµÁË£¬Íê³ÉÁ˱¡±¡µÄÒ»±¾Ë¶Ê¿ÂÛÎÄ£¬µ«ÊǻعýÍ·È¥ÏëÏ룬ÕâÈýÄêÀïÃ棬ÈËÒ²ÌìÌìÔÚʵÑéÊÒ£¬µ«ÊÇΪʲô˶ʿÂÛÎÄÄÇô±¡£¿¼ªÁÖ´óѧÐìÈçÈËС×éµÄѧÉúÈËÈ˳öÒ»¶ÑÎÄÕ£¬¶øÎÒÃÇΪʲô³öÎÄÕÂÄÇôÂý£¿´ó¼ÒÒ»ÑùÔÚ×öʵÑ飬µ«ÊÇÎÒÃǵÄÊý¾ÝµÄ¡°ÓÐЧÀûÓÃÂÊ¡±ÊǶàÉÙÄØ£¿ÆðÂë1/3-1/2µÄµÄÊý¾Ý¶¼ÊÇ·ÏÊý¾Ý£¡¿ÆÑÐÊÇÒªÄܹ»Ä͵Ãסʧ°ÜµÄ£¬µ«ÊǺܶàʧ°Ü¶¼ÊÇ×Ô¼ºÖ÷¹ÛÔ­ÒòÔì³ÉµÄ£¡

Ê×ÏÈ£¬²»¿´ÎÄÏײ»×öʵÑé¡£²»ÒªÎÄÏ×Ò²²»²é²éºÃ£¬¼±×Å×öʵÑéÏëÒ»ÐÇÆÚ³öƪÎÄÕ£¬½á¹û×öÁËÀÏ°ëÌ죬ÔÙ¿´¿´ÎÄÏ×£¬·¢ÏÖ¼¸ÄêÇ°±ðÈËÒѾ­×ö¹ýÁË¡£»òÕßÎÄÏ×µÄʵÑ鲿·ÖÒ²²»¿´¿´Çå³þ¾Í×öʵÑ飬µÈµ½Ð´ÎÄÕÂÁ˲ŷ¢ÏÖ×Ô¼ºµÄ·´Ó¦Ìõ¼þÈ«²¿¶¼ÊÇ´íÎóµÄ£¬È«ÊÇ·ÏÊý¾Ý¡£»¹ÓУ¬ÎÄÏ×Ò²²»¿´¿´Çå³þ£¬µÈʵÑé×öÍêÁ˲ŷ¢ÏÖ×Ô¼ºµÄ½á¹ûºÍÇ°È˽á¹ûÓÐÑÏÖØì¶Ü£¬×Ô¼ºÓÖ²»ÊÇʲôһÑԾŶ¦µÄ´ß»¯´óʦ£¬Ð´ºÃµÄÎÄÕÂÒ²Ö»ÄÜÍùÀ¬»øÍ°ÀïÈÓÁË¡£

Æä´Î£¬Ò©Æ·´¿²»´¿°¡£¿²»Òª¸úÎÒ˵Äã´ÓʵÑéÊÒ½ÇÂäÀïËæ±ãÄÃÁËһƿʲô¡°1970Äê¹úÓª**»¯¹¤³§¡±µÄÒ©Æ·À´×öʵÑéàÞ¡£ÔÚÓÐЩ¾«Ï¸µÄʵÑéÖУ¬¼´Ê¹ÊÇÂòÀ´µÄ¡°·ÖÎö´¿¡±µÄÒ©Æ·£¬¶¼ÒªÊÂÏȼìÑé´¿¾»¶ÈµÄ¡£Ìá´¿ÊÇÄÑÃâµÄ¡£±ðµ½ÁË×îºó²Å·¢ÏÖÒ©Æ·²»´¿£¬½á¹û×öµÄÊý¾ÝÈ«·ÏÁË¡£

ÔٴΣ¬²»Òª½ÚÔ¼ÓÃÇ®°¡¡£ÔÚ¼ÒÀï²»Òª°ÑË®ÁúÍ·Å¡³ÉµÎË®³ÉÏ߶øË®±í²»×ªµÄ״̬£¬ÔÚʵÑéÊÒ²»Òª°ÑÆøÏàÉ«Æ׼ǼÒǵÄ×ßÖ½Ëٶȵ÷³ÉÖ»³ö·åÃæ»ý¶ø²»×ßÖ½µÄ״̬¡£¹â¿´·åÃæ»ý£¬Äã½ÐÎÒÈçºÎÅжÏÕâ¸öÊý¾ÝÓÐÓÃûÓ㿼ÙÉè»ùÏßû×ßÎÈ£¬ÔòÊý¾ÝûÓ㬵«ÊÇÈç¹û¼Ç¼ÒDz»×ßÖ½£¬ÎÒÈçºÎÅжϻùÏßÓÐÎÞ×ßÎÈ£¿ÉÆÓÚ¹Û²ìµÄÈËÄÜ·¢ÏÖÐÂÏÖÏó£¬ÊµÑéÖÐÍùÍùÄÜ·¢ÏÖ΢Á¿µÄÐÂÎïÖÖ£¬ÕâЩÎïÖÖ¶ÔÅжϷ´Ó¦»úÀíÓÐÖØÒª×÷ÓᣱÈÈçÓÐÈË·¢ÏÖÔÚ¹ÌÌ峬ǿËá´ß»¯ÍéÌþÒì¹¹»¯ÖÐÓÐ΢Á¿Ï©ÌþÉú³É£¬ÓÚÊÇеķ´Ó¦»úÀí¾ÍÍ»ÆÆÁË¡£¶ø¼ÙÈçÄã°ÑÆøÏàÉ«Æ×µÄ×îС·åÃæ»ýÉèµÃºÜ´ó£¬ÄÇôÄãÔõôÅжÏÓÐûÓÐÐÂÎïÖÖÉú³É£¿Èç¹ûÓУ¬Á¿ÓÖÊǶàÉÙ£¿

»¹ÓУ¬ÊµÑéÌõ¼þÊÂÏÈÉè¼ÆºÃÁËûÓа¡£¿²»Òª¶ÔÎÒ˵ÄãµÄÕâ¸öϵÁд߻¯¼Á¸ºÔØÁ¿ÊÇ10%¡¢20%¡¢30%¡¢40%£¬¶øÄǸöϵÁд߻¯¼Á¸ºÔØÁ¿ÊÇ0.1¡¢0.2¡¢0.3¡¢0.4g/gÔØÌåàÞ£¡ÕâÁ½ÖÖ¼ÆÁ¿·½·¨ÊDz»Í¬µÄ£¬ÔÚͬһƪÎÄÕÂÖгöÏÖÁ½ÖÖ¼ÆÁ¿·½·¨ÊǷdz£¿ÉЦµÄ£¬°ÑÒ»ÖÖ»»Ëã³ÉÁíÍâÒ»ÖÖ£¬¾Í»á´øÀ´¡°¸ºÔØÁ¿Îª9.09%, 16.67%, 23.08%, 28.58%¡±ÕâÑùÄÑ¿´µÄÊý×Ö¡£¶øÇÒÁ½¸öϵÁд߻¯¼ÁÖ®¼ä¸ù±¾ÎÞ·¨¶Ô±È£¬ÒòΪËüÃǵļÆÁ¿ÊDz»Í¬µÄ¡£

×öʵÑ黹ÕæÊÇÒ»ÃÅѧÎÊ£¬Ã»ÓÐÃ͸ɾ«Éñ²»ÐУ¬¹âÓÐÃ͸ɾ«Éñ¸ü²»ÐС£¡°¶à¶¯ÄÔ½îÉÙ¶¯ÊÖ¡±£¬²»´í²»´í£¡£¡


6¡¢³öÎÄÕÂÃؾ÷

ϵÀï¹æ¶¨Ë¶Ê¿±ÏҵҪһƪSCI£¬²©Ê¿ÒªÁ½ÆªSCI£¬ÄÜ·ñÍê³É£¿ºÜ¶àͬѧ³îü¿àÁ³ÅÂÍê²»³É£¬ÆäʵÊDz»ÖªµÀ¡°ÐÐÇ顱£¬¼ªÁÖ´óѧ¡¢´óÁ¬»¯ÎïËù¡¢ÄϾ©´óѧÓÐЩţÈ˵ÄѧÉú£¬³öÆðÎÄÕÂÀ´ËٶȺܿ졣²©Ê¿±ÏÒµ10ƪÍâ¹úÎÄÕ¶¼²»Ï£Ææ¡£³öÎÄÕ£¬µÄÈ·ÓÐÇÏÃÅ£¡±ðµÄÎÒ²»¸Ò˵£¬ÎÒÀ´ËµËµ´ß»¯°É£¡

Ê×ÏÈ£¬¡°ÏÊ»¨ÐèÒªÂÌÒ¶Åã³Ä¡±£¬ÄãÑÐÖƳöÒ»Öֺô߻¯¼Á£¬Äã¾ÍÒªÄÃ10ÖÖ²»×öÒ²ÖªµÀûÓлîÐԵĴ߻¯¼ÁÀ´³ÄÍÐËüµÄºÃ¡£´ó¼Ò¶¼ÊÇÕâô×öµÄ£¬·ñÔòÉó¸åÈ˾ͻá˵£º¡°¿Õ°×ʵÑé×ö¹ýÁËÂ𣿲»¼Ó´ß»¯¼ÁÓÐûÓлîÐÔ°¡£¿ÄãµÄ¶þÔª½ðÊôÑõ»¯Îï»îÐԺܸߣ¬ÄãºÍËüÃǸ÷×ÔµÄĸÌåÑõ»¯Îï±È½Ï¹ýÂ𣿲»±È½ÏÄãÔõô֤Ã÷¶þÔª±ÈÒ»ÔªºÃ£¿ÄãµÄÊǶþÔª¹ÌÈÛÌ壬Äã×ö¹ý¶þÔªÑõ»¯Îï»úе»ìºÏµÄ´ß»¯¼ÁÂð£¿ÄãµÄÊÇSi-Al£¬Äã×ö¹ýSi-TiÂð£¿Äã×ö¹ýSi-VÂð£¿ÄãÔõô֪µÀSi-Al×îºÃ£¿»¹ÓУ¬ÄãµÄ´ß»¯¼ÁºÍÎÄÏ×±¨µÀµÄ×îºÃµÄ´ß»¯¼Á±È½Ï¹ýÂð£¿Í˸壡£¡¡±

Æä´Î£¬Êý¾ÝÔ½¶àÔ½ºÃ£¬ÓÐЩ¶«Î÷Ò²ÐíÊÇÄã²»×öÒ²ÖªµÀµÄ£¬µ«ÊDz»ÄÜÒòΪ²»×öÒ²ÖªµÀ¹æÂɶø²»×ö£¬Ô½ÊÇ×öµÃ³öµÄ¶«Î÷Ô½ÊÇÒª×ö¡£ÎÄÕÂÀï²»ÄÜÀÏÊÇÓбêÐÂÁ¢ÒìµÄ¶«Î÷£¬´ó·»õÒ²ÒªÓУ¬ÕâÊÇÎÄÕµÄѪ£¬ÕâÊÇÎÄÕµÄÈ⣬ÕâÊÇÎÈÄõÄÊý¾Ý£¬ÕâÊÇÌåÏÖ¹¤×÷Á¿µÄ£¬Ã»Óй¦ÀÍÒ²ÓпàÀÍ¡£±ÈÈçÍâ¹ú´ß»¯´óʦ×öÔÓ¶àËáï¤ÑεÄз´Ó¦£¬Ã¿¿ª·¢Ò»¸öз´Ó¦£¬×ÔÈ»ÏÈÒª°ÑÔÓ¶àËáï¤ÑαíÕ÷Ò»·¬¡£ÕâÖÖ¶«Î÷²»×öÒ²ÖªµÀʲôÑù£¬µ«×öÁ˸üºÃ¡£XRD£¬ºìÍ⣬ÈÈÖØ£¬ËáÁ¿......ÕâÖÖÎÈÄõÄÊý¾ÝÏÈ×öºÃ£¬È»ºó×öÒ»¸ö±ðÈË´ÓÀ´Ò²Ã»×ö¹ýµÄ·´Ó¦£¬¾Í¿ÉÒÔ·¢ÆªºÃÎÄÕ¡£»¹ÓУ¬Íâ¹úÓеÄÈË»úеÑÐÄ¥·¨×öLiMn2O4¼â¾§Ê¯£¬ÓÃÀ´×öµç³Ø¡£ÄÇÖÖÎÄÕºܺóö¡£ÒªÊÇÂÖµ½Ò»Ð©²»»á»ìÎÄÕµÄÈËÀ´×öʵÑ飬׼±£ÊÇ¡°Ò»µã·¨¡±£¬¼´¸ø³öÒ»¸ö×î¼ÑÅä·½£¬È»ºó²â²âµç»¯Ñ§ÐÔÖÊ¡£ÄǸöÍâ¹úÈË»á×ö£¬Ëû¿¼²ìÁËÑÐĥʱ¼äµÄÓ°Ï죺²»ÑÐÄ¥¡¢ÑÐÄ¥2,4,6,8,10,Сʱ£¬¿´ËüÃǵÄXRD¡¢±È±íÃæ¡¢TEM±ä»¯£¬ºÜÓйæÂÉ£»È»ºó¿¼²ìÁ˱ºÉÕζȵÄÓ°Ï죺²»±ºÉÕ¡¢200£¬400£¬600£¬800£¬1000£¬1200¶È±ºÉÕ£¬¿´ËüÃǵÄËüÃǵÄXRD¡¢±È±íÃæ¡¢TEM±ä»¯£¬ºÜÓйæÂÉ£¬²¢ÓÃTG/DTAºÍÇ°Ãæ½á¹û¹ØÁª£»×îºó¿¼²ìÁËÑùÆ·µÄµç»¯Ñ§ÐÔÖÊ£¬¾Í³öÁËƪºÃÎÄÕ¡£

Õâ¿É²»ÊÇͶ»ú»ìÎÄÕ£¬ÕâÊÇ¿ÆѧµÄÑϽ÷̬¶È£¡ÕâÊDz»ÑáÆä·³£¡£¡ºÜ¶à¿Æѧ¼Ò¶¼ÊÇÕâô×öµÄ£¡£¡±ÈÈçSurface ScienceÉÏÃæºÜ¶àÎÄÕ¶¼ÊÇÕâô×öÌõ¼þʵÑéµÄ£º¸Ä±äÎü¸½ÆøÌåµÄÎü¸½Á¿£¬¸Ä±äÍѸ½Î¶È......

ÒªÏë³ö³¤ÎÄÕ¾ÍÊÇÒª¿à×ö£¬Êý¾ÝÍù¶àÀï×ö£¬ÎÄÕÂÍù³¤Àïд¡£ÏëÊ¡Á¦£¬×îºÃ×öÁ½¸öÐÇÆھͳöƪÎÄÕ·´¶øÊʵÃÆä·´¡£×öʵÑé²»Ò»¶¨ÊÇËÙÂʾö¶¨²½Ö裬Éó¸å²ÅÊÇ¡£ÓëÆäÊý¾Ý²»·áÂú¶ø±»Í˸壬À´»ØËĸöÔ¹ýÈ¥ÁË£¬»¹²»Èç¾²ÏÂÐÄÀ´°ÑÊý¾Ý²¹²¹È«£¬°ÑÎÄÕÂддºÃ¡£°Ñ¹¤×÷Á¿µ÷Õûµ½ÕýºÃ¹»·¢¡°Ä³Ä³Ñ§±¨¡±µÄ³Ì¶È¶ø°Ñ¹¤×÷¸ÂÈ»¶øÖ¹ÊÇ¿ÉϧµÄ¡£Òª¡°·¨ºõÉÏ£¬È¡ÆäÖС±£¬Êý¾ÝÄܳäʵ¾¡Á¿³äʵ£¬ÎÄÕÂÄÜ·áÂú¾¡Á¿·áÂú¡£

»¹ÓУ¬Ð´ÎÄÕÂÒª¡°ÄãÓÐÎÒÓдó¼ÒÓС±£¬³ä·ÖÒýÓÃËûÈ˹¤×÷¡£Õâ¿É²»ÊÇÅÄÉó¸åÈ˵ÄÂíƨ¡£ÎÄÏ×ûÓÐÒýÓúÃÖ»ÄÜ˵Ã÷ÄãÎÄÏ×°ÑÎÕ²»È«£¬²»ÄÜÕýÈ·Áì»áÕâ¸ö¿ÎÌâµÄÒâÒåºÍ¶¯Ïò¡£ÁíÍ⣬Êý¾Ý¹æÂÉÒ²ÒªºÍ±ðÈË´óÖÂÎǺϣ¬Ìá³öÒ»¸ö¹ÛµãÒªÄÜÕÒ³öÈýƪÎÄÏ×À´Ö¤ÊµÎҵĹ۵㣬ÕâÊÇÒ»ÖÖ±£ÏÕÎÄÕµÄд·¨¡£Èç¹ûʵÑéÏÖÏó·´³£¶øûÓкÏÀí½âÊÍ£¬ÄÇÖ»ÓÐÍ˸åµÄ·ÝÁË¡£ÀÏʵ˵ºÜ¶àÎÄÕ¶¼Ã»ÓÐÌرð´óµÄÐÂÒ죬ҪȫÎÄͨƪÓÐÐÂÒâºÜÄÑ¡£ÖйúÈË·¢·¢ÎÄÕ£¬ÍùÍùÊÇ´ß»¯¼ÁºÍ±ðÈ˲»Ò»Ñù£¬µ«¹æÂɺÍÇ°È˵Ť×÷»ù±¾ÎǺϣ¬ÄÇÒ²¾Í¿ÉÒÔÁË¡£


7¡¢ºÏ×÷¾«Éñ

ÊDz»ÊÇÏ£ÍûдÎÄÕµÄÊðÃûÀ¸ÈËÔ½ÉÙÔ½ºÃ°¡£¿Ò»¿ªÊ¼ÎÒÒ²ÊÇÕâôÏëµÄ£¬µ«ÊÇʱ¼ä³¤ÁË£¬µÚÒ»×÷ÕßµÄÎÄÕ¶àÁË£¬¾Í²»ÕâôÏëÁË¡£

ÓÐЩÈËÕæ°ÑÌìÏ¿´³ÉÆáºÚһƬ£¬·Â·ðÌìÏÂÀϰ嶼ÊÇʲôÊÂÇ鶼²»×ö¶ø¹ÒÃûµÄ¡£ÎÒµ±È»²»ÔÞ³ÉËæ±ã¹ÒÃû£¬µ«ÖÁÉÙÔÚ¸´µ©£¬Ö÷Á÷»¹ÊǺõÄÂÏÖÔÚµÄÀÏ°åÓÖ²»ÊÇɵ¹Ï£¬Ëû²»»áËæ±ã¸ø±ðÈ˹ÒÃû¶øÈ¥³åµ­×Ô¼ºµÄ¹±Ïס£¶ÔËùν¡°¹ÒÃû¡±µÄ̬¶È£¬±íÃæÉÏ´ò×Å¡°·´¶Ô¹ÒÃû¡±µÄÆìºÅ£¬Êµ¼ÊÉÏÊǾܾøºÏ×÷¡£±íÏÖÔÚʵÑéÖоܾøºÍ±ðÈ˽»Á÷ÌÖÂÛ£¬Å±ðÈËÖªµÀ×Ô¼ºµÄʵÑéÇé¿ö£¬ÓÐЩʵÑéÃ÷Ã÷¿ÉÒԽбðÈËÇá³µÊì·°ïæ×öÒ»×ö£¬È´Æ«Æ«Òª×Ô¼º»îÊÜ×ï´ÓͷѧÆ𵢸éÁËʵÑé½ø¶È£¬ÎªµÄ¾ÍÊÇÉÙÊð¸öÃû×Ö£»ÓеıíÕ÷Ã÷Ã÷¿ÉÒÔÈ¥×ö£¬×öÁËÓÐÖúÓÚÌá¸ßÎÄÕÂÖÊÁ¿£¬°Ñµ°¸â×ö´ó£¬µ«×Ô¼ºµÄ˽ÐÄÔÚÄÇÀï×÷¹Ö£¬Å±ðÈË¡°´Ûµ³¶áȨ¡±¶øÈÌÍ´¸î°®²»È¥×ö±íÕ÷¡£ÒÔÉ϶¼ÊÇ¡°µº¹úÎÄ»¯¡±¡¢Ð¡¼Ò×ÓÆø£¬×ê½øС¥³ÉһͰ£¬Ò»±²×Ó¶¼×ß²»³ö×Ô¼ºµÄÕâ¸öÔ²¡£

ÄêÇáÈË£¬°ÑʲôÊðÃûÏȺóÀ­£¬Ê²Ã´Êð¶àÉÙÈËÀ­¿´µÃÄÇôÖÖÓÐʲôÓã¿ÄãÒªÆÀԺʿ£¬Äã²¢²»»áÒòΪÕâÁ½ÆªÎÄÕ¶øÆÀµÃÉÏ£»ÄãÒªÕÒ¹¤×÷£¬»Ø¹ýÍ·ÏëÏëÎÄÕÂÓÖÓÐʲôÓã¬×¬µãÇ®²»±ÈÄ㷢ƪÎÄÕÂÇ¿°¡£¿²»ÒªÀÏÊÇ°ÑÎÄÕ¿´×öÊÇ×Ô¼ºµÄ˽È˲Ʋú£¬Ã»ÓпÎÌâ×éµÄ»ýÀÛ£¬ÄÄÀ´µÄ¸öÈ˳ɾͣ¿Ã»ÓÐÈË°ïÄã´îÒÇÆ÷×°Öã¬Ã»ÓÐÈË°ïÄã²âÊÔÑùÆ·£¬ÄÄÀ´µÄÄãµÄÎÄÕ°¡£¿Àí¿Æ²»ÊÇÎÄ¿Æ£¬²»ÊÇÄã×øÔÚС·¿¼äÀï¿´¿´Ê鶯¶¯ÄÔ×ÓÎÄÕ¾ͳöÀ´µÄ¡£ÕâÑù˽ÐÄÕâôÖØ£¬ÕâÑùźÏ×÷£¨ÒòΪһºÏ×÷£¬¾Í±ØÈ»Éæ¼°µ½×÷ÕßÃûµ¥µÄÔö³¤£©£¬ÒÔºóË­»¹À´ºÍÄãºÏ×÷°¡£¿


8¡¢ÎÄÏ×ÊǸö±¦

²»¶ÁÎÄÏײ»×öʵÑé¡£·ñÔò£¬Ò»ÊÇ×öÁËÀÏ°ëÌì·¢ÏÖ±ðÈË×ö¹ýÁË£»¶þÊÇ×öÁËÀÏ°ëÌì·¢ÏÖʵÑéÌõ¼þ¶¼ÊÇ´íÎóµÄ¡£×öÁËÒ²°××ö¡£ÎÄÏ׶ÁÒ»±éÊÇÔ¶Ô¶²»¹»µÄ£¬Ã¿¶ÁÒ»±é¶¼ÓÐеÄÊÕ»ñ¡£³õ´Î½Ó´¥Ò»¸ö¿ÎÌ⣬ÍùÍù¿´ÎÄÏ×Èç×¹Èë¾ÅÀïÔÆÎíÖУ¬²»ÄÜÉî¿ÌÌå»áÆ侫ËèºÍʵÑéϸ½ÚµÄ°ÂÃîÖ®´¦£¬Ö»ÁôÁ¬ÓÚ¾ßÌåµÄʵÑé½á¹û£»×öÁËʵÑ飬Åöµ½ÄÑÌâÁË£¬»Ø¹ýÍ·À´ÔÙÈ¥·ÖÎö¡¢±È½Ï¡¢×ÐϸÌå»á£¬·½Öª°ÂÃîÖ®ËùÔÚ£¬¶ÔÕâ¸ö¿ÎÌâ²Å»áÓиüÉîµÄÈÏʶ£»µÈµ½Ð´ÎÄÕÂÁË£¬ÔÙ¿´¿´ÎÄÏ×£¬±È½Ï×Ô¼ººÍÎÄÏ׵Ľá¹û£¬ÅÓÕ÷²©Òý£¬Ê¹¸ÐÐÔÈÏʶÉÏÉýµ½ÀíÐԸ߶ȣ»ÎÄÕ·¢±íÁË£¬×Ô¼ºµÄÎÄÕÂÒ²³ÉÁËÎÄÏ×´óº£ÖеÄÒ»¶äСÀË»¨¡£

Ö»ÓÐ×öÁËʵÑ飬²Å»áÕæÕý¶Á¶®ÎÄÏס£Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵£¬Èç¹ûҪд×ÛÊö£¬×Ô¼ºÃ»ÓÐ×ö¹ýÕâ¸ö¿ÎÌ⣬ºÜÄÑдºÃ×ÛÊö¡£¶øÒ»µ©¶ÁÁ˺ܶàÎÄÏ×£¬ÓÖ×öºÃÁËʵÑ飬Ñо¿Éú»¹ÊÇÍêÈ«ÓÐÄÜÁ¦Ð´Ò»Æª×ÛÊöµÄ¡£ºÜ¶àͬѧ±§Ô¹³öÎÄÕÂÄÑ£¬ÆäʵÎÄÏײ»Äܰ׿´£¬¿´¿´ÎÄÏ×Ò²ÄÜÔÚÖйúÔÓÖ¾³öƪÎÄÕÂÄØ¡£ÕâƪÎÄÕÂÓÖ¿ÉÒÔËã˶ʿÂÛÎĵÚÒ»Õ£¬ÕæÊÇÒ»¾ÙÁ½µÃ¡£


9¡¢ÀÏ°å°þÏ÷ÂÛ£¿

ÎÒÔø¾­Ëµ¹ýµ½¹úÍâÈ¥¸É»î£¬×ö³ö³É¼¨¶¼ÊÇÀÏ°åµÄ£¬ÕâÊÇ°þÏ÷£»±ðÈË»¹¶ÔÎÒ˵ÎÒÃÇÑо¿Éú×öʵÑ飬·¢±íרÀûËãÀÏ°åµÄ£¬²»ºÏËãÔÆÔÆ¡£ÆäʵÎÒÄÔ×ÓÔç¾Í±äÁË£¬Ã»ÓÐʲô¡°±»°þÏ÷¡±µÄ¸ÅÄî¡£

Ê×ÏÈ£¬³öÎÄÕ¶ÔÄã×Ô¼ºµÄǰ;Óкô¦°¡¡£³ö¹ú¿´ÎÄÕ£¬Îһعúµ±³¤½­Ñ§Õ߻ƺӽÌÊÚÒ²¿´ÎÄÕ°¡¡£Ã»ÓÐÀÏ°åµÄÕýÈ·Ö¸µ¼¡¢Á÷Àûд×÷ºÍ°Ñ¹Ø£¬Ã»ÓÐÀÏ°åµÄÃû×Ö×öÕÐÅÆ£¬ÄãÒ»¸öÈËÄÜ´ïµ½ÕâÖÖЧ¹ûÂð£¿ÀÏʵ˵Íâ¹úij½ÌÊÚµÄÓÐЩÎÄÕ£¬ÊÇѧÉú×öʵÑéÀÏʦдÎÄÕ£¬ÔÚÕâÖÖÇé¿öϼ´Ê¹ÀÏʦ¹ÒµÚÒ»×÷ÕßÒ²ºÜÕý³£Â£¡Ê²Ã´¡°°þÏ÷¡±°¡£¬¡°°þÏ÷¡±°¡¡£Äã¿´¿´ÄÇЩÎÄÕÂÂÌÖÂÛÕ¼Ò»°ëÒÔÉÏ£¡£¡Ã»ÓÐÀÏʦÄÇÖ§±Ê¡¢ÄǸöÄÔ´ü¡¢ÄǸöÃû×Ö£¬ÎÄÕÂÖ»ÄÜÍùµÍµµ´ÎÀïͶÁË¡£Ñ§ÉúÕâÑù±»¡°°þÏ÷¡±»¹ÊǺÏËãµÄ¡£

Æä´Î£¬¸É»îÅàÑøÄã×Ô¼ºµÄÄÜÁ¦°¡¡£ÀÏ°å¾­³£½Ì»åÎÒÒªÈÈÐĹ«¹²ÊÂÎҪ×öµÃ¶à£¬ÊÖÒªÇÚ½ÅÒª¿ì£¬ÓÂÌôÖص£¶à×ö¡°¶îÍ⡱µÄÊÂÇé¡£¶ÔÓÚºÃѧÉú¾ÍÊÇҪѹµ£×Ó£¬×öµÃÔ½¶à¾ÍÔ½ÊìϤ£¬¾Í×öµÃÔ½¿ì£¬±ðÈ˸ÏÒ²¸Ï²»ÉÏ¡£¼¸ÄêÀ´ÎÒÉîÉî¸Ðµ½ÀÏ°åµÄ»°ÊǶԵģ¬ÎÒÒ²ÔÚŬÁ¦µØ×öÊ¡£ÄÄÅÂÊÇÅÜÅܲÆÎñ¿Æ¡¢²É¹º²É¹ºÒÇÆ÷ÕÕÑù¿ÉÒÔ½Ó´¥¸ü¶à¡¢ÅàÑøÄÜÁ¦£¡ÎÒµÄÄÜÁ¦Ìá¸ßµØ·É¿ìÕâЩÄÜÁ¦ÊÇÇÀÒ²ÇÀ²»×ߵġ£ÀÏ°åÒ²·Ç³£ÀÖÒâ×öºÜ¶à¡°¶îÍ⡱µÄ¹«¹²ÊÂÇ飬ͬÑùÊÇËٶȷɿ죬Խ×öÔ½¿ì£¬ÈκÎÈ˶¼¸Ï²»ÉÏ¡£

ÔٴΣ¬ÀÏʵ˵ѧÉú·¢±í¼¸ÆªÎÄÕ£¬³öÁËרÀû£¬±¾À´¾Í²»²úÉúʲô¾Þ´óµÄ¾­¼ÃЧÒæ¡£Ò»°ãµÄ£¬·¢±íÒ²Ö»ÊÇ·¢±íÁË£¬ËùÒÔ°þÏ÷Ò²ÎÞ´Ó̸Æð¡£×öѧͽ¾ÍÊÇÒª×öµÄ£¬ÄÔ×ÓÀï²»ÒªÓС°±»°þÏ÷¡±µÄ¸Ð¾õ£¬²ÅÄÜѧµ½Õæ±¾ÊÂΪÎÒËùÓá£ÈýÄêÑо¿Éú£¬Äã˵Äã±»ÀÏ°å°þÏ÷ÁË£¬ÆäʵҲδ±Ø£¬ÄãÒ²ÔÚΪÄãµÄ½«À´´òÔì×ÊÀú£¨ÎÄÕ£©ºÍÄÜÁ¦£¨¾­Ñ飩µÄ»ù´¡£¬ÕâÊÇǧ½ð²»»»µÄ¡£ÌرðÊǺóÕߣ¬Ò»±²×ÓÊÜÓ𡣡£¡

Ò²ÐíÓеÄÈË˵ÎÒÖж¾ÁË¡¢×ÅħÁË£¬¿ÉÎÒҪ˵ֻÓо­ÀúÁË£¬²ÅÕæÕý»áÓÐÌå»á¡ª¡ª¶à×öû´í¡£


10¡¢Ò»Ì廯ÀíÂÛ

¿´À´ÏÖÔںܶàͬѧºÍÀÏʦµÄ¹ÛÄîÐèÒª¸üС£ÈçÇ°ÎÄËù˵£¬¿ÆÑÐÖÐÐèÒªÒ»ÖÖÃñÓªÆóÒµ¼Ò¾«Éñ¡£Èç¹û°ÑÕâ¸ö¹ÛÄîÔÙÍâÍÆ£¬¾Í³ÉÁËÒ»Ì廯ÀíÂÛ£¬¼´£º£¨1£©¿ÆÑкÍÉú»îÒ»Ì廯£»£¨2£©¿ÆÑкÍѧϰһÌ廯¡£

£¨1£©¿ÆÑкÍÉú»îÒ»Ì廯£º²»Ñϸñ°´ÕÕ¹úÓª¿ÆÑе¥Î»¡°×ø°àʱ¼ä¡±£¬¶øÊǸú×ÅʵÑé°²ÅÅ×Ô¼ºµÄÐÝϢʱ¼ä£¬Î§×ÅÒÇÆ÷ת¡£ÒÇÆ÷һת£¬Îç·¹¶¼¿ÉÒÔ²»³öÈ¥³Ô¶ø´ôÔÚʵÑéÊÒÒ»±ß¿´×ÅÒÇÆ÷Ò»±ß³Ô¸ÉÁ¸£»½ñÌìÏÂÎçʵÑé×öÍêÁË£¬ÄÄÅÂÊÇ¡°ÉÏ°àʱ¼ä¡±ÕÕÑù¿ÉÒÔ»ØÇÞÊÒ˯ÉÏÒ»¾õ£¬Ñø×㾫ÉñÍíÉϺÿ´ÎÄÏ׶¯ÄԽ»òÕß¿ÉÒÔÈ¥¼ÒÀÖ¸£²É¹ºµã¶«Î÷£¬·´ÕýÔçÍí¶¼Òª²É¹ºµÄ£¬ÏÖÔÚÓÐÁË¡°»õÎï´¢±¸¡±£¬¹ý¼¸Ìì¾Í¿ÉÒÔ²»È¥²É¹º¶ø°²ÐÄ×öʵÑéÁË¡£±ðÈËÐÝÏ¢ÐÇÆÚÌ죬ÎÒÆ«ÒªÐÝÏ¢ÐÇÆÚÎå¶øÐÇÆÚÌ칤×÷£¬ÒòΪÕâʱºòÒÇÆ÷¿ÕÏС£½ÊÈ˶࣬ÒÇÆ÷¼·£¬×ßÀÈÀïµç»°Ïì¸ö²»Í££¬ÕæÊdz³Ò²³³ËÀÁË£¡

£¨2£©¿ÆÑкÍѧϰһÌ廯£ºÎÒµÄÂÛµ÷ÊÇÔÚʵÑéÊÒÀï¿´TOEFL¡¢GREҲûÓÐʲô²»ºÃµÄ¡£ÕâÊÇÄêÇáÈË»ý¼«·Ü·¢¡¢Ö¾ÏòÔ¶´óµÄÏóÕ÷£¬×ܱÈÔÚÇÞÊÒÀï´êÂ齫»òÕßÔÚ»¨Ô°À裏±§±§Ç¿°É¡£Ò»±ß¿´TOEFL¡¢GRE£¬Ò»±ßʵÑé×öµÃßÉßɽеÄÈËÈ·ÓÐÆäÈË£¨²»ÊÇÎÒ£©¡£ÌرðÊǶÔÓÚ´ß»¯ÊµÑ飬²»¾ÍÊÇ°ëСʱ´òÒ»ÕëÂð¡£ÕâÊÇ¿àÁ¦»î£¬´ÓÔç×öµ½Íí¡£×ܲ»ÄܽÐÎÒÊØÔÚÒÇÆ÷ÅԱ߸É×ø×Å°É£¬¿´¿´Ó¢ÓºÜÕý³£ÂÔÙ˵Êî¼Ùº®¼Ù£¬±¾À´¿ÉÒÔÐÝÏ¢µÄ£¬ÏÖÔÚÔÚʵÑéÊÒ¿ª×Å¿Õµ÷Ò»±ß°ëСʱ´òÒ»ÕëÒ»±ß¿´ÎÒµÄÓ¢ÓïÊ飬¹«Ë½¼æ¹ËÂ£¡ÎÄÕÂÒ²³öÁË£¬Ó¢ÓïÒ²¿´ÁË£¬Ò»¾ÙÁ½µÃÂ

ÏÖÔںܶàÀϰ嶼ÏëͨÁË¡£²»ÈÃÎÒ¿´GREÎÒ²»À´ÁË£¬»òÕß³ö¹¤²»³öÁ¦£¬»òÕß³öÒ»¶Ñ·ÏÊý¾ÝÀË·ÑÒ©Æ·ÒÇÆ÷£¬Õâ²»Á½°Ü¾ãÉËÂð£¿ÔÙ˵ÏÖÔÚ³ö¹úµÄÈËÏ£Íû¶à³öÎÄÕºóö¹ú£¬²»³ö¹úµÄÈË»ìƪÎÄÕ±ÏÒµ¾ÍÐÐÁË¡£ËùÒÔ×èֹѧÉú³ö¹úÊÇÖÖ»ÄÃýµÄÏë·¨£¬²»ÀûÓÚѧÉú£¬Ò²²»ÀûÓÚÀÏ°åЧÓÃ×î´ó»¯¡£


11¡¢ÄÜÀÝЧӦ

¶ÔÓÚ¸Õ¿ªÊ¼¸ã¿ÆÑеÄÈËÀ´Ëµ£¬¾ø¶Ô´æÔÚÄÜÀÝЧӦ¡£ÓеÄÈË×ö³ö³É¹ûµÄ»î»¯ÄÜ´óÒ»µã£¬ÓеÄÈËСһµã£¬ÕâºÍ×Ô¼º×ÔÉíµÄ¹¦µ×Óкܴó¹Øϵ¡£»ù´¡Ã»´òºÃ£¬»î»¯ÄÜÌرð´ó£¬ÉõÖÁÁ¬Ó¢ÓïÔĶÁ¡¢ÎÄÕÂд×÷¡¢Í¼±í»æÖƶ¼»á³ÉΪÄÜÀݵÄÒ»²¿·Ö¡£ÀÏʦÊÇ´ß»¯¼Á£¬¿ÉÒÔ½µµÍ»î»¯ÄÜ¡£Ñ§ÉúÒ»µ©¿ªÇÏ£¬ÔÙ¼ÓÉÏ×Ô¼ºÓÃÐÄ£¬¾ÍÒ»·¢²»¿ÉÊÕÊ°¡£µÚһƪÎÄÕÂ×îÄÑд£¬Ò»µ©Í»ÆÆÄÜÀÝ£¬ÒÔºóͶÍâ¹úÎÄÕ²»ÔÙÊDz»¿ÉÓâÔ½µÄºè¹µ¡£


12¡¢¿ÆÑÐÄæ¾³

¿ÆÑÐÄæ¾³ÊDz»¿É±ÜÃâµÄ£¬ÊÇÎÒÃÇËù²»Ô¸ÒâÓöµ½µÄ¡£±¾ÃüÄêµÄʱºòÎÒÓöµ½¹ý¿ÆÑÐÄæ¾³£¬¶øÇÒ»¹ÊÇÔÚ¿ÆÑÐ˳¾³Ö®ºóµÄ¿ÆÑÐÄæ¾³£¬Æä¶Ô±È·´²î֮ǿÁÒ£¬ÁîÎÒÇÞʳÄÑ°²¡ª¡ªÕûÕûÒ»Ä궼ûÓÐʵÑé½øÕ¹£¬ÔÚʵÑéÊÒÀï»ÎÀ´»ÎÈ¥¾ÍÏó¹â³ÔÃײ»Ïµ°µÄ¼¦¡£ÎÒÑ¡ÔñÁË·ÅÆúÄǸö¿ÎÌ⣬ÁíÆð¯Ôî¡£

ʵÑéÊÒÀ˭ûÓÐ×ß¹ýÍä·£¿ÉÙÔò°ëÄ꣬¶àÔòÒ»Äê¡£ÓÐʱºòµ÷ÒÇÆ÷µ÷ÁË°ëÄ궼ûÓе÷ºÃ£¬ÓÐʱºò×öÁËÒ»Ä궼ûÓеõ½ÈκÎÓмÛÖµµÄÊý¾Ý¡£ÎÒÔø¾­ÎÊʦÐÖ£¬ÓÐûÓÐÓöµ½¿ÆÑдìÕÛ£¬Óöµ½ÁËÒÔºóÊÇÈçºÎÏû³ýµÄ¡£Ëû˵µÄÈ·Óöµ½¹ý£¬´ìÕ۾ͷÅÔÚÄÇÀ×ö×Å×öמÍ×ÔÈ»Ïû³ýÁË¡£

ÀÏ°å¾ø¶Ô²»ÊÇÄÇÖÖËæËæ±ã±ã¾ÍÔÊÐí·ÅÆúµÄÄÇÖÖÈË¡£¡°»îÒª¼ûÈË£¬ËÀÒª¼ûʬ¡±£¬Äã˵ʵÑéÓöµ½À§ÄÑÁË£¬ÎÞ·¨¹á³¹ÏÂÈ¥ÁË£¬×¼±¸»ì¹ýÈ¥ÁË£¬ÀÏ°å¾ÍÒ»¶¨ÒªÖªµÀΪʲô×ö²»ÏÂÈ¥£¬¶ø²»ÊÇÄã˵ÁíÆð¯Ôî¾ÍÁíÆð¯Ôî¡£ÒòΪÄã×öÁ˼¸¸öÔ·ÅÆúÁË£¬ÄÇô¼´Ê¹Äã»»ÁË¿ÎÌ⣬˵²»¶¨ÓÖ×öÁ˼¸¸öÔÂÓÖ·ÅÆúÁË£¬Õâ¾Í±íÃ÷²»ÊÇʵÑé¿ÎÌâÄÑ£¬¶øÊÇʵÑéÕß×Ô¼ºµÄÎÊÌâ¡£ÔÚÀÏ°åÕâÖÖÆõ¶ø²»ÉáµÄ¶½´ÙÏ£¬Ô­ÏÈÒѾ­¡°×öËÀ¡±µÄºÜ¶àÌâĿûÓб»·ÅÆú£¬ËÀËÀҧס£¬·´¶øÓÖ»ñµÃÁËÉú»ú¡£ÕâʹÎÒÃ÷°×£ºÊµÑéÄæ¾³²¢²»ÊDz»¿ÉÓâÔ½µÄ£¬¿Æѧ×ÜÊÇ¿Æѧ£¬¸Ã×öµÃ³öµÄ×ܹé×öµÃ³ö£¬¾¡¹Ü´æÔÚÄÜÀÝ¡£Èç¹û×ö²»³ö£¬Ò²ÒªÃ÷°×Ϊʲô×ö²»³ö£¬¡°»îÒª¼ûÈË£¬ËÀÒª¼ûʬ¡±¡£¾²ÏÂÐÄÀ´ºÃºÃ·ÖÎöʵÑéʧ°ÜµÄÔ­Òò£¬¾²ÏÂÐÄÀ´×öÒ»×ö£¬¶ø²»ÒªÓм±×Å¡°¶ÄÊäÁ˼±×Å·­±¾¡±µÄÐÄÀí£¬ÄÇô×îºó×ܹéÊÇ×öµÃ³öµÄ¡£


13¡¢Ê§»îºÍÔÙÉú

ÎÒÊÇÑо¿´ß»¯µÄ¡£´ß»¯¼ÁÓÐʧ»îºÍÔÙÉú£¬¶ø×÷Ϊ¿ÆÑÐÖ÷ÌåµÄÈË£¬Í¬ÑùÒ²ÓС°Ê§»îºÍÔÙÉú¡±ÏÖÏó£¡

¿ÆÑÐÕß²»Êǽð¸Õ£¬Ñо¿×ö³¤ÁËÔÚij¶Îʱ¼äÄÚ»áÓС°Ê§»î¡±ÏÖÏó£¬ÈËÀÛÁË£¬ÐľëÁË£¬Áé¸ÐûÓÐÁË£¬Ò»ÄÃÆðÉÕ±­¾ÍÑá·³¡£Õâ¾ÍÏó̸Áµ°®Ê±¼ä³¤ÁË£¬ÌìÌìÔÚÒ»Æ𣬸øɵÄÊÂÇ鶼¸ÉÁË£¬¾Í¾õµÃ²»¹ýÈç´Ë£¬Ò»µãÒâ˼¶¼Ã»ÓÐÁË¡£

×öÒ»¸ö¿ÎÌ⣬¾ø¶ÔÐèÒªÒ»¹Ä×÷Æø£¬Éè¼ÆʵÑéµÄʱºòÄþ¿É×öÈ«Ò»µã£¬²»Òª¡°¾´¾Æ²»³Ô³Ô·£¾Æ¡±£¬µÈµ½Í˸åÁ˲ÅÈ¥²¹Êý¾Ý¡£ÕâʱºòÒ»ÖÖÑá¾ëµÄÐÄÇéÓÍÈ»¶øÉú£¬¡°ÓÖÒª²¹Êý¾Ý°¡¡±£¬¶øÇÒÒÇÆ÷¹¤×÷Ò²¸Ä±äÁË£¬ÒÇÆ÷Ò²»µÁË£¬ÊµÑé½á¹ûºÍÒ»ÄêÇ°×öµÄ²»Ò»¶¨Óо«È·µÄ¿É±ÈÐÐÐÔ¡£

³¤Ê±¼äûÓÐʵÑé½á¹ûµ¼Ö±ÏҵѹÁ¦´ó£¬Í¬ÑùÒ²»á²úÉú¡°Ê§»î¡±ÏÖÏó£¬ÄÃÆðÉÕ±­µÄʱºò¾ÍÏë¡°±ðÓÖÊÇÒ»¶Ñ·ÏÊý¾Ý¡±£¬¶Ô¿ÆÑг¹µ×ʧȥÐÅÐÄ¡£ÔÙ¼ÓÉÏ¿´¿´ÆäËûͬѧÎÄÕ¶࣬µ¼Ê¦Óִߵýô£¬ÐÄÀíѹÁ¦¾Í¸ü´óÁË¡£

¿ÆÑÐÈÈÇéµÄ¡°ÔÙÉú¡±£¬ÓÐʱ¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ý¡°Æ«À롱(deviation)£¬¼´À뿪ʵÑéÊÒ£¬²»È¥ÏëÈκÎʵÑéÎÊÌ⣬µ½ÍâÃæÉç»áÉÏÈ¥×ß×ß¿´¿´£¬×ö²»³öʵÑé¾ÍÐÝÏ¢Ò»¶Îʱ¼ä£¬ÈÃÄÔ×Ó³ä·ÖµØ·ÅËÉ£¬È»ºóÔٻص½ÊµÑéÊÒ×öʵÑ飬ÓС°Ð¡±ðʤл顱µÄЧ¹û¡£

¿ÉÊÇ£¬ÕâÖÖ¡°ÔÙÉú¡±ÊÇ¡°Òý·¢¼Á¡±£¬Èç¹û»¹ÊÇ×ö²»³ö¶«Î÷£¬¿ÆÑÐÈÈÇ黹ÊÇ»áϨÃð¡£×îºÃµÄÔÙÉúÊÇ£º×öʵÑé×ßÉÏÕý¹ì£¬Ã¿Ì춼³öÓÐÓõÄÊý¾Ý£¬ÎÄÕ³ûÐθü¼ÓÇåÎú£¬ÕâÑùµÄ¿ÆÑÐÊDz»»áÆ£¾ëµÄ¡£

ÎÒÔø¾­¡°Ê§»î¡±¹ý£¬ºóÀ´ÓÖ¡°ÔÙÉú¡±ÁË¡£×îºÃµÄʵÑé°²ÅÅ£¬ÊÇÕûÀíÍêһƪÎÄÕ£¬È»ºó×ÔÓÉÐÝÏ¢°ë¸öÔ¡£Õâ°ë¸öÔµÄÐÝÏ¢±ÈÔÚʵÑéÊÒÀï¼ÌÐøÅÝ×ÅЧ¹ûºÃµÃ¶à¡£ÐÝÏ¢£¬ÊÇΪÁ˸üºÃµØ¹¤×÷¡£


14¡¢³öÎÄÕºͳɾ͸Ð

¸èÐÇÒÔÐÂר¼­²ã³ö²»ÇîΪ³É¾Í¸Ð£¬ÃñÓªÆóÒµ¼ÒÒÔ¿ªÁË10¸ö¹«Ë¾Îª³É¾Í¸Ð£¬¶øÎÒ´Ó³öÎÄÕÂÖлñÈ¡³É¾Í¸Ð¡£

¡¶·âÉñÑÝÒå¡·ÖÐ×ÜÓÐÕâÑùÇé½Ú£º¡°µÐ·½¡±²¼Ï¶áÃüµÄÕ󣬡°ÎÒ·½¡±Ò»¿ªÊ¼×ÜÊÇÈâ°ü×Ó´ò¹·ÓÐÈ¥Î޻أ¬Õâʱ×ÜÓеõÀµÄÏÉÈË´ÓÈÝÓ¦¶Ô£¬Æ¾×ÅÒ»¶äÁ«»¨Ò²ÄÜÈçÈëÎÞÈË£¬ÈÎÕóÊÆÏÕ¶ñ£¬ÄÜÄÍÎÒºÎ?

ͶÍâ¹úÎÄÕÂÒ²ÊÇÕâÑùµÄ¡£»ìƪÖйúÎÄÕºÜÈÝÒ׵ģ¬Ëæ±ã×ö×ö¾ÍÓÐÁË£»¿ÉÒª³öƪÍâ¹úÎÄÕÂÐèÒªºÜ´óµÄŬÁ¦£¬Òª±ï×ÅÒ»¹ÉÆø£¬×öÉÏ°ëÄê²ÅÄÜʵÏÖ¡£¿´Öйú¶àÉÙÈËÔÚ¹úÄÚÔÓÖ¾ºÅ³Æ¡°Ê״η¢ÏÖ......£¬Í»ÆÆÁËÍâ¹úÎÄÏ×¹«ÈϵĹ۵㡱£¬¿ÉÊÇÕâЩÈËÖйúÎÄÕÂÒ»´ó¶Ñ£¬»¹ºÅ³Æ´ß»¯´óʦ£¬ÔõôÁ¬ÆªÍâ¹úÎÄÕ¶¼Ã»ÓУ¿ËùÒÔ£¬Èç¹ûÄܴﵽͶÍâ¹úÔÓÖ¾Ö¸¶«´ò¶«£¬Ö¸Î÷´òÎ÷µÄ¾³½ç£¬Ò²ÊÇÒ»ÖÖ´ÓÈÝ¡£ÎªÈËËù²»ÄÜΪ£¬ÔòÓгɾ͸С£

ÏëÏëÓÐЩѧУƾ½èÈýƪ¡¶»¯Ñ§Ñ§±¨¡·Ò²ÄÜÆÀ¸ö½ÌÊÚ£¬Äѵóö¸ö¡¶**ʦԺѧ±¨¡·Ò²ÒªÕùÏÈ¿ÖºóµØ¹ÒÃû£¬ÊÓÆäΪÓÍË®£¬ÔÚ¸´µ©ÕâôŨÓôµÄ¿ÆÑÐÆø·ÕÖгɳ¤£¬ÔÚ²»Í¬µÄÆðµã½ø²½£¬ÎÒÔõôûÓгɾ͸ÐÄØ£¿ÕâÖֳɾ͸г¬Ô½Á˹¤×ʵÄÐèÒª£¬³¬Ô½ÁË¡°³öƪÎÄÕ¹»±ÏÒµ¾ÍÐÐÁË¡±µÄ̬¶È£¬³ÉΪÁËÎÒ¿ÆÑеÄÇý¶¯Á¦Ö®Ò»¡£ÀÏʵ˵£¬ÒÔ³öÎÄÕÂΪ¿ÆÑÐÇý¶¯Á¦Ö®Ò»Ò²ÊÇÕý³£µÄ£¬ÕæÕý¡°ÎªÁË¿Æѧ¶ø¿Æѧ¡±£¬×öÁËʵÑéÖ»ÊÇ×Ô¼ºÌ½Ë÷¿Æѧ°ÂÃî¶ø²»·¢±íµÄÈ˾ø¶ÔÊÇÉÙ¼ûµÄ¡£

×îÃÀÀöµÄ¾°É«ÍùÍùÔÚ×îÏÕ¾þµÄµØ·½£¬×Ô¼ºÕ÷·þÁË×îÏÕ¾þµÄµØ·½²Å»áÓгɾ͸У¬¶ø»¨Ç®¹Í±ðÈȨ̈ÎÒÉÏÈ¥£¬»òÕß½ö½ö´ÓÕÕƬÉÏ¿´µ½ÔòûÓÐÕâÖÖÕæʵµÄ¸Ð¾õ¡£¶ÔÓÚ³öÎÄÕ£¬Ö»ÓÐ×Ô¼º¡°ÎªÒÁÏûµÃÈËã¾ã²¡±£¬ÔÚ¼èÄÑÖÐɱ³öÒ»ÌõѪ·²Å»áÌå»áµ½ÕæÕýµÄ³É¾Í¸Ð¡£ËùÒÔ£¬ÎÒÊDz»Ï²»¶»¥Ïཻ»»¹ÒÃûµÄ¡£²»×öʵÑé¶ø½»»»¹ÒÃû£¬ÎÄÕÂÊǶ࣬µ«Êǵ±ÎÄÕÂÒ»´ó¶ÑµÄʱºò£¬ÄÇЩµÚÈý×÷ÕßµÄÎÄÕÂÓÖÓÐʲôÓã¿°ÑÎÒÕæÕý»¨Á¦ÆøÐÁÐÁ¿à¿à×öµÄµÚÈý×÷ÕßÎÄÕ¶¼ÑÍûÔÚÎÄÕ¶ÑÀïÁË£¡


15¡¢¿ÆÑеÄÐÄÀíÆÁÕÏ

ÒÔÇ°Ç°½øGRE½Ì²ÄµÚһƪÎÄÕ¾ÍÊÇ·½ÊسɵÄÎÄÕ£¬ËûÖ¸³öÒÔÇ°´ÓÀ´Ã»ÈË¿¼¹ý2000·Ö£¬ËùÒÔ´ó¼Ò¶¼ÈÏΪ×Ô¼º¿¼²»¹ý2000·Ö£¬ÒÔÖÁÓÚÓÕµ¼ÁËÄãµÄ¸´Ï°ºÍÁÙ³¡·¢»Ó£¬×îÖÕ¹ûÈ»²»¹ý2000·Ö£»×Ô´ÓµÚÒ»¸öÈ˹ýÁË2000·Ö£¬ÒÔºóÓÖÓÐһȺÈ˹ýÁË2000·Ö£¬ÓÚÊÇ´ó¼Ò¶¼ÈÏΪ¿¼2000·ÖÈçÂÅƽµØ£¬³åÆÆÁËÕâ¸ö¡°ÐÄÀíÆÁÕÏ¡±£¬ËùÒÔÈËÈ˶¼³¬¹ýÁË2000·Ö¡£

ÎÒÃǸ´µ©»¯Ñ§Ïµ¾ø¶Ô´æÔÚÐÄÀíÆÁÕÏ¡£ÆÀ½±Ñ§½ðµÄʱºòË­ÎÄÕÂÉÔ΢¶àÒ»µã£¬ÏÂÃæµÄÏÈÉú¾ÍÌø³öÀ´Ëµ¡°²»Õý³£¡±ÔÆÔÆ¡£¶øÔÚʵÑéÊÒÀï³öÎÄÕÂÓС°¼«ÏÞЧӦ¡±£¬Õâ¸ö¼«ÏÞÊÇ12-13ƪ¡£Ò»°ãµÄ²©Ê¿³ö¸öÈýÎåƪÎÄÕÂÒԺ󣬡°ÐÄÀíÆÁÕÏ¡±Ð§Ó¦¾Í¿ªÊ¼·¢»Ó×÷ÓÃÁË£¬²»ÔÙÏò¼«ÏÞ³å´Ì¡£

Æäʵ£¬ÄãÒªÊÇ¿´¿´ÍâÃæµÄ¿ÆÑе¥Î»£¬Èç½ñµÄÄÇЩ½Ü³öÇàÄê¡¢³¤½­Ñ§ÕßÔÚµ±Äê×ö²©Ê¿µÄʱºò¾ÍÏÔÏÖ³öÀ´ÁË¡£ÄϾ©´óѧ±ÏÒµµÄ½ð¹úУ¬´÷°²°îԺʿµÄѧÉú£¬²©Ê¿ÂÛÎÄ219Ò³£¬²©Ê¿Æڼ䷢±íÎÄÕµÚÒ»×÷Õß20ƪ£»´óÁ¬»¯ÎïËù±ÏÒµµÄФ·áÊÕ£¬¹ùÛÆÏÍԺʿµÄѧÉú£¬²©Ê¿Æڼ䷢±íµÚÒ»×÷ÕßÎÄÕÂ16ƪ£»´óÁ¬»¯ÎïËù±ÏÒµµÄÕÔ¶«Ô´£¬¹ùÛÆÏÍԺʿµÄѧÉú£¬²©Ê¿Æڼ䷢±íÎÄÕÂ15ƪ£»¼ªÁÖ´óѧÐìÈçÈËԺʿµÄѧÉú£¬¸ö¸öÎÄÕÂÒ»´ó°Ñ¡£

´ïµ½ÕâÑùµÄ¸ß¶ÈûÓÐʲô¡°²»Õý³£¡±µÄ£¬ÎÒÃǸ´µ©ÍêÈ«ÄܴﵽͬÑùµÄ¸ß¶È£¬ºÜ¶àʱºòÊÇ¡°ÐÄÀíÆÁÕÏ¡±ÔÚ×÷Ëî¶ø×èµ²ÁËÇ°½øµÄ½Å²½¡£ÓÐÖÖÈË×öʵÑéÓйɡ°Ðס±¾¢£¬É±ÆøÌÚÌÚ£¬ËÀËÀ¶¢×¡²»·Å£¬ÃͳåÃÍ´ò¡¢¾òµØÈý³ß£¬±§¶¨¡°ÓëÖÚ²»Í¬¡±µÄ¾öÐÄ£¬¶Ô×Ô¼º¸ß±ê×¼ÑÏÒªÇó£¬ÕâÑù¾Í¿ÉÒÔ´ïµ½ÒÔÉϸ÷λͬÑùµÄ¸ß¶ÈÁË¡£
[Ó¡ÏóÅÉ (2-8 16:52, Long long ago)] [ ´«Í³°æ | sForum ][µÇ¼ºó»Ø¸´]17Â¥

(ÒýÓà ӡÏóÅÉ:¿ÆÑÐÉú»î¼°ÆäÏ°¹ß¿ÆÑÐÉú»î¼°ÆäÏ°¹ß Ŀ¼£º Ò»¡¢Ñо¿ÉúÉú»îºÍÏÖ×´ ¶þ¡¢×öºÃ¼Æ»® Èý¡¢Ñо¿¹ý³ÌÖеÄ×¢Òâµã ËÄ¡¢ÈçºÎ²éÔÄÎÄÏ× Îå¡¢ÈçºÎ×÷ʵÑ...)¿ÆÑÐÌå»á 1~81

ÎÒ×ö¿ÆÑеļ¸µãÌå»á
1.Ò»°ëʱ¼ä×öʵÑ飬һ°ëʱ¼ä¿´ÎÄÏס£
ǧÍò²»ÄÜ°Ñʱ¼äÈ«²¿ÏûºÄÔÚʵÑę́ÉÏ¡£¿´ÎÄÏס¢¿´Êé¡¢¿´±ðÈ˵IJÙ×÷¡¢Ìý±ðÈ˵ľ­
Ñé¡¢Ñо¿±ðÈ˵Ä˼·£¬±ß×ö±ß˼¿¼¡£ÒªÑ§»á±È½Ï£¬²»ÒªÃ¤´Ó¡£·ñÔò£¬»á±»Ò»Ð©Ð¡Ð¡µÄÎÊ

ÌâÀ§ÈÅÐí¾Ã¡£
2.×¼±¸Ô½³ä·Ö£¬ÊµÑéԽ˳Àû¡£
¹ÅÈËÔÆ£¬Ä¥µ¶²»Îó¿³²ñ¹¤¡£Ç°ÆÚµÄ֪ʶ´¢±¸¡¢ÎÄÏ×´¢±¸¡¢²ÄÁÏ×¼±¸¡¢·½·¨×¼±¸¿ÉÒÔ
±ÜÃâÊÖæ½ÅÂÒ£¬³ä·ÖµÄԤʵÑéʹÄã³äÂúÐÅÐÄ¡£Ò»²½Ò»¸ö½ÅÓ¡£¬¾Í²»±Ø¡°´ÓÍ·ÔÙÀ´¡±¡£×î

²»ÄÜÈÝÈ̵ÄÊÇÔÚ¿ªÊ¼µÄ¼¸²½ÍµÀÁ£¬Ôì³ÉºóÃæ×ÜÓÐһЩÎÞ·¨ÅųýµÄÕÏ°­¡£
3.¼Ç¼ÕæʵÏê¾£
ÈË×ÜÊÇÓÐÒ»µãÐéÈÙÐĵġ£Ö»°Ñ³É¹¦µÄ²½Öè»òƯÁÁµÄ½á¹û¼Çµ½ÊµÑé¼Ç¼ÀÊǺܶàÈË
µÄ×ö·¨¡£Êâ²»Öª£¬Ðí¶à±¦¹ó¾­ÑéºÍÒâÍâ·¢ÏÖ¾ÍÕâÑùÓëÄã²Á¼ç¶ø¹ý¡£¿Í¹Û¡¢Õæʵ¡¢Ï꾡µÄ

¼Ç·¨¡£Êâ²»Öª£¬Ðí¶à±¦¹ó¾­ÑéºÍÒâÍâ·¢ÏÖ¾ÍÕâÑùÓëÄã²Á¼ç¶ø¹ý¡£¿Í¹Û¡¢Õæʵ¡¢Ï꾡µÄ
¼Ç¼ÊÇÒ»±Ê±¦¹óµÄ²Æ¸»¡£
4.²»ÒªÎªÀÏ°åÊ¡Ç®¡£
ЧÂÊΪÏÈ¡£ÕûÌìËã¼Æ×ÅÊ¡Ç®£¬Ò»µ©ÓÃÁ˲»¿É¿¿µÄ¶«Î÷£¬Ö»»áÀË·Ñʱ¼ä£¬ÔâÊÜ´ò»÷£¬
µ½Í·À´Ò»·ÖǮҲʡ²»ÁË¡£
5.°ÑÎÕÐÄÀíÓÅÊÆ¡£

¼ÙÈç²»×öԤʵÑ飬ÔÚÕýʽµÄʵÑéÖÐÓöµ½£¬ÄãµÄ´ìÕ۸оͺÜÃ÷ÏÔ¡£¼ÙÈçÄãÒòΪ¸Ï
ʱ¼ä¶øÎó²Ù×÷£¬Äã»á¾ÚÉ¥¡£¼ÙÈçÄãÄÜÒòΪĿǰÐĸ¡ÆøÔï¶ø¹û¶ÏµØ·ÅÒ»·Å£¬¾Í¿ÉÒÔ±ÜÃⱯ

¾çµÄ·¢Éú¡£¼ÙÈçÄãÔçÉϽøÈëʵÑéÊÒ֮ǰ»¹²»ÖªµÀ½ñÌìÒª¸Éʲô£¬Äã×îºÃÏëºÃÁËÔÙÈ¥¡£×î

´óµÄ´íÎóÊÇÖظ´·¸Í¬ÑùµÄ´íÎó¡£¼Çס£¬ÂŽ̲»¸ÄÕß²»ÊʺÏ×öʵÑé¡£

¿ÆÑÐÌå»á2

1.ÏÈ¿´×ÛÊö£¬ºó¿´ÂÛÖø
¿´×ÛÊö¸ãÇå¸ÅÄ¿´ÂÛÖøÕÆÎÕ·½·¨
2.ÏÈ¿´µ¼Ê¦¼ÈÍù·¢±íµÄÎÄÕ£¬ÔÙ¿´Ê¦ÐÖʦ½ã´ð±çµÄÂÛÎÄ
¿´Ç°ÕßÖªµÀ´ó·½Ïò£¨Êµ¼ÊÉÏÓ¦µ±ÔÚ¿¼ËûµÄÑо¿Éú֮ǰ¿´¹ý£©£¬¿´ºóÕßÖªµÀÄÇЩ¿ÉÒÔ
½è¼ø
3.Ô綯ÊÖ
ÔÚʦÐÖʦ½ãÀ뿪֮ǰѧ»á¹Ø¼ü¼¼Êõ
4.Èç¹û½ÓʦÐÖʦ½ãµÄ¹¤×÷ÍùÏÂ×ö£¬Ò»¶¨Òª¿´ÆäʵÑé¼Ç¼
Ç°È˵Ľá¹û²»Ò»¶¨¿ÉÐÅ£¡
5.Á½ÊÖ×¼±¸
Éè¼Æ¿ÎÌâҪΪÁ˲ûÃ÷ÎÊÌ⣬¼´²»ÂÛ½á¹ûΪÑôÐÔ»òÒõÐÔ£¬¶¼ÄÜдÎÄÕ¡£ÑôÐÔ½á¹û˵Ã÷
ʲô£¬ÒõÐÔ½á¹û˵Ã÷ʲô¡£
¼ÙÈç¿ÎÌâÒªÇóµÃ³öÑôÐÔ½á¹û£¬Äã¿ÉÄÜÒªÊÂÏÈÉè¼Æ¼¸²¿·Ö£¬ÍòÒ»µÚÒ»²¿·ÖµÃ²»³öÔ¤ÆÚ
½á¹û£¬¿ÉÒÔÓÃÆäËü²¿·ÖÃÖ²¹Ëðʧ¡£

¿ÆÑÐÌå»á3

.¶àÊýÎÄÕ¿´ÕªÒª£¬ÉÙÊýÎÄÕ¿´È«ÎÄ
ÕÆÎÕÁËÒ»µã²éÈ«Îĵļ¼ÇÉ£¬ÍùÍù»áÒԸ㵽ȫÎÄΪÀÖ£¬ÒÔÖÁÓÚûÓÐʱ¼ä¿´ÎÄÕµÄÄÚÈÝ
£¬¸ü²»Ð¸ÓÚ¿´ÕªÒª¡£ÕæÕýÓÐÓõÄÈ«ÎIJ¢²»¶à£¬¹ý·Ö×·ÇóÈ«ÎÄÊÇÀË·Ñ£¬²»¿É×ß¼«¶Ë¡£µ±È»

Ö»¿´ÕªÒªÒ²ÊDz»¶ÔµÄ¡£
2.¼¯ÖÐʱ¼ä¿´ÎÄÏ×
¿´¹ý×Ü»áÒÅÍü¡£¿´ÎÄÏ×µÄʱ¼äÔ½·ÖÉ¢£¬ÀË·Ñʱ¼äÔ½¶à¡£¼¯ÖÐʱ¼ä¿´¸üÈÝÒ×ÁªÏµÆðÀ´
£¬ÐγÉÕûÌåÓ¡Ïó¡£
3.×öºÃ¼Ç¼ºÍ±ê¼Ç
¸´Ó¡»ò´òÓ¡µÄÎÄÏ×£¬Ö±½ÓÓñʱê¼Ç»òÅú×¢¡£pdf»òhtml¸ñʽµÄÎÄÏ×£¬¿ÉÒÔÓñ༭Æ÷
±êÁÁ»ò¸Ä±äÎÄ×ÖÑÕÉ«¡£ÕâÊDZÜÃâʱ¼äÀ˷ѵÄÓÖÒ»ÖØÒªÊֶΡ£·ñÔòµÈÓÚû¿´¡£
4.×¼±¸ÒýÓõÄÎÄÕÂÒªÇ××Ô¿´¹ý¡£
תÒýÔì³ÉµÄÒԶﴫ¶ï²»Ê¤Ã¶¾Ù¡£
5.×¢ÒâÎÄÕµIJο¼¼ÛÖµ¡£
¿¯ÎïµÄÓ°ÏìÒò×Ó¡¢ÎÄÕµı»Òý´ÎÊýÄÜ·´Ó³ÎÄÕµIJο¼¼ÛÖµ¡£µ«Òª×¢ÒâÒýÓÃÕâƪÎÄÕÂ
µÄÆä
2.¼¯ÖÐʱ¼ä¿´ÎÄÏ×
ËüÎÄÕÂÊÇÈçºÎÆÀ¼ÛÕâƪÎÄÕµģºÖ§³Ö»¹ÊÇ·´¶Ô£¬²¹³ä»¹ÊǾÀ´í¡£

¿ÆÑÐÌå»á4

1.ʵÑé¿Îѧ²»»áʵÑé
ʵÑé¿Î֮ǰÀÏʦ°ÑÇ°ÃæµÄ²½Öè×öÍêÁË£¬°ÑËùÓÐÎÊÌⶼ½â¾öÁË£¬ÉϿεÄʱºòÈôó¼Ò¼û
µ½ÍêÃÀÎÞȱµÄ×îºóÒ»²½µÄ±íÑÝ¡£ÕâÊÇÕæÕýµÄʵÑéÂð£¿ÄÇʱºòÎÒÃÇ»¹ÌìÕæµØÎÊÀÏʦ£ºÎÒÃÇ

¿ÉÒÔ×ßÁËÂð£¿Ê²Ã´Ê±ºò½»ÊµÑ鱨¸æ£¿
¶Ô¶àÊýÈËÀ´Ëµ£¬ÊµÑé¼¼ÄÜÖ»ÄÜÊÇÔÚʵÑéÊÒÀï¡°ÅÝ¡±³öÀ´µÄ¡£
2.½»Á÷ÊÇ×îºÃµÄÀÏʦ
×öʵÑéÓöµ½À§ÄÑÊǼҳ£±ã·¹¡£ÄãµÄµÚÒ»·´Ó¦ÊÇʲô£¿·´¸´³¢ÊÔ£¿·ÅÆú£¿¿´Ê飿ÕâЩ
×ö·¨¶¼ÓеÀÀí£¬µ«Ê×ÏÈÓ¦¸ÃÏëµ½µÄÊǽ»Á÷¡£¶ÔÓÐÉí·ÝµÄÈË£¬Ë½ÏµÄÇë½ÌÌåÏÖÄã¶ÔËûµÄ×ð

ÖØ£»¶ÔͬÄê×ʵÄÈË£¬¹«¿ªµÄÌÖÂÛ¿ÉÒÔʹ´ó¼Ò³©ËùÓûÑÔ£¬¶øÇÒ³öÑÔ½÷É÷¡£Ç§Íò²»ÄܱÕÃÅÔì

³µ¡£Ò»¸öʵÑéÕÛÌÚ°ëÄ꣬ºóÀ´±ðÈ˸æËßÄãÄÇÊÇËÀ·£¬Æñ²»Ô©´óÍ·£¿
3.×î¸ß²ã´ÎµÄÄÜÁ¦ÊDZí´ïÄÜÁ¦
ÔٺõŤ×÷×îÖÕ¶¼Òª¿¿±ðÈËÈÏ¿É¡£±í´ïÄÜÁ¦£¬ÌåÏÖΪдºÍ˵µÄÄÜÁ¦£¬ÊÇÐèÒª³¤ÆÚÅà
ÑøÔٺõŤ×÷×îÖÕ¶¼Òª¿¿±ðÈËÈÏ¿É¡£±í´ïÄÜÁ¦£¬ÌåÏÖΪдºÍ˵µÄÄÜÁ¦£¬ÊÇÐèÒª³¤ÆÚÅà
ÑøµÄËØÖÊ¡£±ÈÈç·¢ÏÖÒ»¸öº±¼û²¡Àý£¬Ð´ºÃÁË·¢Ò»ÆªÂÛÖø£»Ð´²»ºÃÖ»ÄÜ·¢Ò»¸ö²¡Àý±¨µÀ¡£

±ÈÈç×öÒ»¸ö¿ÎÌ⣬дºÃÁË·¢Ò»Æª»òÊýƪÂÛÖø£»Ð´²»ºÃÖ»ÄÜ·¢Ò»¸öÂÛÖøÕªÒª»ò±»±Ðµô¡£Ò»

ÕÅͼ,Ò»Õűí,ÎÞ²»ÊDZí´ïÄÜÁ¦µÄÌåÏÖ¡£ÁÈÁȼ¸°ÙÉÏǧ×ֵıêÊ飬¿ÉÒÔÓ®µÃ´ó±Ê»ù½ð£»Ëä

È»¹ØϵºÜÖØÒª£¬µ«Ð´µÃÌ«²îÒ²²»ÐС£ÓÐÈË˵£¬ÎÒ²»Ñ§PCR£¬²»Ñ§spss£¬Ö»ÒªÑ§»áppt£¨
powerpoint£©¾Í¿ÉÒÔÁË¡£´Ë»°ÓÐÒ»µãµÀÀí£¬ÊµÑéÊÒµÄbossÃDZíÃæÉϾÍÊÇ¿¿Ò»´®´®pptÐÐ×ß¡£
¾­³£ÓÐÑо¿ÉúÒò˼άÃô½ÝÌõÀýÇå³þ¶øÁîÈËËàÈ»Æð¾´¡£Ò²¾­³£ÓÐÑо¿Éú²»Àí½â¡°Îª
ʲôÎÒ×öÁ˴󲿷ֹ¤×÷¶øÀÏ°åÈ´ÈÃÁíÒ»¸öûÔõô¸É»îµÄÈËдÁËÎÄÕ£¿ÈÃËûÈ¥´ó»á·¢ÑÔ£¿

¡±ÄãûÓп´µ½È˼ÒÓÐÕÅ¿Ú¾ÍÀ´µÄ±¾ÊÂÂð£¿
4.ѧºÃÓ¢Ó²»Ñ§¶þÍâ¡£
Èç½ñ²»ÂÛÈ¥ÈÕ±¾»¹ÊÇÅ·ÖÞ£¬Ñ§Êõ½»Á÷ÔçÒÑÊÇÓ¢ÓïµÄÌìÏ¡£Äã²»±ØΪ¿´²»¶®Ò»Æª·¨Óï
µÄÎÄÕ¶øÒź¶£¬Ð´ÄÇƪÎÄÕµÄÈËÕýÔÚΪûѧºÃÓ¢Óï¶ø·¸³î¡£Èç¹ûÓ¢ÎÄÉÐδ¾«Í¨£¬ÔÝÇÒ²»

ÒªÎÄȥѧ¶þÍâ¡£
5.SCIÊǸöÏÝÚå¡£
ÔËÆø£¡ÓÐÈËû·ÑÁ¦Æø·¢ÁËһƪSCIÎÄÕ¡£Äã²»ÒªÏÛĽËû¡£ÒòΪ¾ÝÎÒËùÖª¿ÎÌâÊDZðÈË
Éè¼ÆµÄ£¬ÊµÑéÊDZðÈËÊÖ°ÑÊÖ´øËû×öµÄ£¬ÎÄÕÂÊǵ¼Ê¦°ïËûÕÒÁ˹úÍâµÄÈ˸ÄдµÄ£¬¶øËû²¢²»ÉÃ

³¤×ö¿ÆÑС£µ«ÊÇËûÒòΪһƪSCIÎÄÕÂÒѾ­×ÔÈÏΪ¿ÉÒÔÔÚ¿ÆÑеÄÌìµØÀïÒ»Õ¹ÉíÊÖÁË¡£ÓÚÊÇ
Òª³ö¹ú£¬Òª×öʵÑ飬Ҫ¼ÌÐø·¢SCI,ÒªÕõÃÀÔª¡£´Ó´Ë×ßÉÏÁËÒ»Ìõ²»ÊôÓÚËûµÄµÀ·¡££¨Ò²ÐíÓÐ

ËáÆÏÌÑÐÄÀíµÄ³É·Ö£©¡£µ«ÊÇ¿´¿´ÖÜΧµÄÈË£¬¿´¿´×Ô¼º£¬ÕæµÄÊʺϸã¿ÆÑÐÂð£¿
ÕæµÄ²»Êʺϸã¿ÆÑÐÂð?

¿ÆÑÐÌå»á5

ÎÒ²»ÖªµÀ¿ÆÑжÔÔì¼ÙÄܹ»ÈÝÈ̵½Ê²Ã´³Ì¶È£¬¿ÆÑкÍÔì¼ÙÊDz»ÊÇÒ»¶ÔË«°ûÌ¥¡£
µ«Ì¨ÉϵÄÈ˶¼ÔÚ˵£­¾ö²»Ôì¼Ù¡£
1.Êʵ±Ôì¼Ù£ºÎÞ¹ØÍ´Ñ÷£¬Æ«²î²»´ó¡£
ÂÛÎÄÖÐ×öÁËÄêÁä¡¢ÐÔ±ðÆ¥ÅäµÄÕý³£³ÉÈËDNA¶ÔÕÕ£¬Êµ¼ÊÓÃÆêѪDNA×ö¶ÔÕÕ£»ÂÛÎÄ
ÖÐÕý³£¶ÔÕÕ×öÁË200Àý£¬Êµ¼Ê×öÁË150Àý£»ÂÛÎÄÖÐÓÐÏÔÖøÐÔ²îÒ죬ʵ¼ÊÒ²ÓÐÏÔÖøÐÔ²îÒ죬

µ«¾ùÖµµÄ²î±ðûÓÐÂÛÎÄÖÐÄÇô´ó£»ÂÛÎÄÖÐËæ»ú·Ö×飬ʵ¼ÊÉÏËæÒâ·Ö×飻ÂÛÎÄÖиø¶¯ÎïÐÐ

ÎÞ¾úÊÖÊõ²Ù×÷£¬Êµ¼ÊÊÇÖ»°Ñ²¿·ÖÆ÷еÔÚÏû¶¾¼ÁÀïÅÝÁËÅÝ¡£
2.±»¶¯Ôì¼Ù£ºÈÌÈ踺ÖØ£¬ÓпàÄÑÑÔ¡£
ʦÐÖµÄÂÛÎÄ·¢±íÁË£¬µ¼Ê¦ÈÃÒÁ½Ó×Å×ö£¬ÒÁûÓÐÖظ´³öÀ´£¬µ«ÒÁ²»ÄÜ˵ʦÐÖµÄÂÛ
ÎÄÓÐÎÊÌ⣬ÒÁÔÚÒþÂ÷ÊÂʵµÄ»ù´¡ÉÏ×öÁ˸ü¡°ÉîÈ롱µÄÑо¿£»µ¼Ê¦ÏëҪʲô½á¹û£¬ÒÁ¾ÍÄÜ

×ö³öʲô½á¹û£»±ÏҵǰµÄ¼¸¸öÔºܶàÈ˵ÄʵÑé±äµÃÒ쳣˳Àû£¬¸Ã³öÀ´µÄ¶¼³öÀ´ÁË¡£
3.¿Í¹ÛÔì¼Ù£ºÎÞÒâ¶øΪ£¬È±·¦³£Ê¶¡£
ÂÛÎÄÖб¨µÀÒ»¸öеÄȱʧͻ±ä£¬¾Ý˵ÒÁÖ»ÌôÁËÒ»¸ö¿Ë¡²âÐò£»Ò»¸ö±¾¸ÃÖظ´Êý
´Îʲô½á¹û£»±ÏҵǰµÄ¼¸¸öÔºܶàÈ˵ÄʵÑé±äµÃÒ쳣˳Àû£¬¸Ã³öÀ´µÄ¶¼³öÀ´ÁË¡£
µÄʵÑéûÓÐÖظ´¾ÍÄÃÈ¥·¢ÎÄÕÂÁË¡£
4.Ö÷¶¯Ôì¼Ù£º¼±¹¦½üÀû£¬·çÓêÎÞ×è¡£
ÂÛÎÄÖеÄÒ»ÕŵçÓ¾ÕÕƬÀ´²»¼°ÖØ×ö£¬½è±ðÈ˵ÄÒ»ÕŲ¶àµÄÕÕƬ¶¥Ì棻øÇеÄ
ʱºò£¬ÓÐÒ»Ìõ´øÓ¦µ±ÍêÈ«Çеô£¬µ«×ÜÇв»¸É¾»£¬ÒÁÓÃPHOTOSHOP°ÑËüÍ¿µôÁË£»ÂÛÎÄÖеģ¬°Ñ
¶ÔÕÕ×éÖеÄÒ»ÀýÑôÐÔ¹Û²ìÈ¥µô¾ÍµÃµ½0.041ÁË¡£
5.»ý¼«Ôì¼Ù£º×·ÖðÃûÀû£¬¼¸½ü·è¿ñ
ÒÁÔÚÒ»ÄêÖз¢±íµÚÒ»ÊðÃûµÄÂÛÎÄ50ƪ£»ÏÈÓÐÂÛÎĺóÓÐʵÑé¼Ç¼¡£

¿ÆÑÐÌå»á6

ÎÄÕÂд×÷
1.ÔĶÁ10ƪÎÄÏ×£¬×ܽá100¸ö³£ÓþäÐͺͳ£ÓöÌÓï¡£¾­³£¸´Ï°¡£
×¢Ò⣬ÎÄÏ××÷Õß±ØÐëÊÇÒÔÓ¢ÎÄΪĸÓïÕߣ¬ÎÄÏ×ÄÚÈÝÒªÓëÄãµÄרҵÓйء£
ÕâÊôÓÚƽʱ¿´ÎÄÏ׵ĸ±²úÆ·¡£
2.ÕÒ3-5ƪ¼¼Êõ·ÏߺÍͳ¼Æ·½·¨ÓëÄãµÄ¿ÎÌâ½Ó½üµÄÎÄÕ£¬¾«¶Á¡£
д³öÂÛÎĵIJݸ塣Ҫ°´ÕÕ±êÌâ¡¢×÷Õß¡¢ÕªÒª¡¢±³¾°¡¢Ä¿µÄ¡¢²ÄÁÏ¡¢·½·¨¡¢½á¹û¡¢ÌÖ
ÂÛ¡¢ÖÂл¡¢²Î¿¼ÎÄÏס¢Í¼Àý¡¢Í¼¡¢±í¡¢ÕÕƬºÍ˵Ã÷µÄͳһ¸ñʽÀ´Ð´¡£ÕâÑù×öµÄºÃ´¦ÊÇ´Ó

Ëü¿ÉÒÔ·½±ãµØ¸Ä³ÉÈκÎÔÓÖ¾µÄ¸ñʽ¡£

3.Õë¶ÔÂÛÎĵÄÿһ²¿·Ö£¬ÓÈÆäÊÇijÖÖ¾ßÌå·½·¨¡¢ÒªÌÖÂÛµÄijһ¾ßÌå·½Ã棬¸÷ÕÒ5-8
ƪ
ÎÄÏ×ÔĶÁ£¬³äʵÍêÉÆ¡£ÕâÀïÌÖÂÛµÄÖ»Éæ¼°Ó¢Îıí´ï£¬Ò²Ö»ÍƼö¸øȱ·¦Ó¢ÎÄд×÷¾­ÑéµÄÈË¡£

4.ÕÒµ½ÄãÏëͶµÄÔÓÖ¾µÄ¸åÔ¼£¬ÔÙÕÒ2-3ƪ¸ÃÔÓÖ¾µÄarticle£¬°´ËüµÄ¸ñʽ¸Äд¡£
×¢Ò⣬ÿ´Î¸Äд¶¼ÒªÏÈÁí´æΪ²»Í¬µÄÎļþÃû£¬ÒÔÃâ³öÁËÎÊÌâ²»Äָܻ´¡£¿É
5.ÕÒÓ¢ÎĸßÊָġ£ÕÒ²»µ½ºÏÊʵÄÈË£¬¾ÍÈ¥ http://www.oleng.com.au £¬¸Ã¹«Ë¾Ìá
¹©Ó¢ÓïÂÛÎı༭·þÎñ(English correction and improvement£¬not translation) £¬ÔÚ´Ë
»¨¡ç20ÔÚÕâ¸ö¹«Ë¾¸ÄÁËÒ»ÏÂÓ¢ÎÄ£¬·Ç³£¿ì¡£

¿ÆÑÐÌå»á7

ÎÄÏ×¹ÜÀí
1.ÏÂÔصç×Ó°æÎÄÏ×ʱ£¨caj£¬pdf£¬html£©£¬°ÑÎÄÕÂÌâÄ¿Õ³ÌùΪÎļþÃû¡£
×¢Ò⣬ÎļþÃû²»ÄÜÓÐÌØÊâ·ûºÅ£¬Òª°Ñ / : * ? < > | ÒÔ¼° »»Ðзû ɾµô¡£
2.²»Í¬Ö÷Ìâ´æÈ벻ͬÎļþ¼Ð¡£Îļþ¼ÐµÄÌâÄ¿Òª¼ò¶Ì£¬È磺PD£¬LTP,PKC£¬NO¡£
3.¿´¹ýµÄÎÄÏ×¹éÈë×ÓÎļþ¼Ð£¬×îÆðÂëÒª°ÑÓÐÓõĺÍûÓõķֿª¡£
4.ÖØÒªÎÄÏ×ÔÚÎļþÃûÇ°¼Ó001,002£¬003±àºÅ£¬È»ºó°´Ãû³ÆÅÅÁÐͼ±ê£¬×îÖØÒªµÄÎÄÏ×
¾ÍÅÅÔÚ×îÇ°ÁË¡£
5.¸´Ó¡»ò´òÓ¡µÄÎÄÏ×£¬Óôò¿×Æ÷£¨£¤10-15£©´ò¿×£¬×°ÈëÓ²ÖÊÎļþ¼Ð£¨£¤10-20/¸ö£©

¿ÆÑÐÌå»á8

ÎÒÃǾ­³£»áÔڲο¼ÎÄÏ×µÄÒýÓÃÉÏˣһЩС´ÏÃ÷£¬Êâ²»ÖªÕâЩ¶¼»á½µµÍÂÛÎÄÖÊÁ¿¡£
1.Öª¶ø²»Òý
¹ÊÒâ²»ÒýÓÃͬÐеÄÀàËƹ¤×÷£¬Ê¹×Ô¼º¹¤×÷¿´ÉÏÈ¥¡°ÐÂÓ±¡±¡°ÁìÏÈ¡±¡£ÕâÊÇÒ»ÖÖ²»µÀ
µÂÐÐΪ¡£Êµ¼ÊÉÏÉó¸åµÄ¾ÍÊÇͬÐС£
2.¶ÏÕÂÈ¡Òå
¹ÊÒâ½ØÈ¡×÷ÕßÊÔͼ·ñ¶¨µÄ²¿·ÖÀ´ºæÍÐ×Ô¼ºµÄ¹Ûµã¡£Ò²Êô²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ¡£
3.Òý¶ø²»È·
ûÓÐÈÏÕæ¿´Ô­ÎÄ£¬ÒýÎÄ´í©¡£
4.À´Ô´²»Êµ
ijЩ×Ö¾äÀ´Ô´²»¿É¿¿(±ÈÈç·ÇÕýʽµÄ»ò·ÇѧÊõµÄ³ö°æÎï)£¬ÇÒ²»×¢Ã÷À´Ô´¡£³£¼ûÓÚÒ»
Щͳ¼ÆÊý×Ö¡£
5.äĿ×ÔÒý
²»ÊÇΪÁË˵Ã÷×Ô¼ºµÄ¹¤×÷ÓëÇ°ÆÚ¹¤×÷Ö®¼äµÄ¹Øϵ£¬¶øÊǵ¥´¿ÎªÌá¸ß×Ô¼ºÎÄÕ±»ÒýÓÃ
´ÎÊý¶ø×ÔÒý¡£
¹ÊÒâ²»ÒýÓÃͬÐеÄÀàËƹ¤×÷£¬Ê¹×Ô¼º¹¤×÷¿´ÉÏÈ¥¡°ÐÂÓ±¡±¡°ÁìÏÈ¡±¡£ÕâÊÇÒ»ÖÖ²»µÀ
µÂ¡£
[Ó¡ÏóÅÉ (2-8 16:53, Long long ago)] [ ´«Í³°æ | sForum ][µÇ¼ºó»Ø¸´]18Â¥

(ÒýÓà ӡÏóÅÉ:ÈçºÎ²éÕÒÎÄÏ×µÄÈ«ÎÄ(¾ÍËã¹ú´óͼÊé¹ÝÒ²²»ÊÇËùÓÐjournalÂòÍêµÄ,»¹ÊÇÓõÃÉÏ£©×¢£ºÓÉÓڴ󲿷ÖԺУδÄܹºÂô¹úÄÚÍâÉÌҵҽѧÊý¾Ý¿â£¬ÈçPUBMED¡¢E...)GoogleÆäËüС¹¦ÄܺÍÌصã1 GoogleÄܶÔͼÏñÉϵÄÎÄ×ÖºÍPDF½øÐÐʵʱʶ±ð£¡ GoogleÏÈÓÃOCRÈí¼þʶ±ðͼÏñÖеÄÎÄ×Ö£¬Í¬Ê±½«ÎÄ×ÖͼÏñ´óС¡¢³öÏÖµÄλÖã¨ÈçÉÏÃæ¡¢×óÃæ¾àÕû¸öͼÏñ±ßÔµµÄÏñËØÖµ£©¼Ç¼ÏÂÀ´¡£ËÑË÷ʱ£¬GoogleÈÔÒÔ±ê×¼³ÌÐò½øÐмìË÷£¬ÈçÓÐÆ¥ÅäµÄ¹Ø¼ü´Ê£¬±ãÔÚ·µ»ØµÄͼÏñÉϽ«ÎÄ×Ö¸ßÁÁÏÔʾ£¬ÎÒ²ÂÖÁÉÙÕⲿ·Ö¹¤×÷ÊÇʵʱµÄ¡£²»¹ý£¬ÓÉÓÚOCR±¾ÉíµÄÏÞÖÆ£¬Òò´ËGoogleÒ²²»¸Ò´ò±£Æ±¡£ÁíÍ⣬¶ÔPDFÎļþ£¬GoogleÒ²ÊÇͨ¹ý¶ÔÆä½øÐÐÎÄ×Öʶ±ð¶ø´æ´¢µÄ£¬Ëùν¶ÔPDFÎļþHTML»¯£¬ÕâÑùÒÔÀûÓÚÈ«ÎļìË÷PDFÎļþÄÚÈÝ¡£Ä¿Ç°Õâ¿ÉÄÜ»¹ÊÇΨ´ËÒ»¼Ò¡£
2 ²éFlashÎļþµÄ·½·¨
ËÑË÷FlashÎļþµÄ·½·¨£ºfiletype:swf inurl:swf 3 Google¾ßÓÐÖÇÄܾÀ´í¹¦ÄÜ
GoogleÍùÍù»áÌáʾËüµÄÕýȷд·¨£¬ÒÔ±ãÓÚÄã²éÕÒ׼ȷ£¬ÕâµÄÈ·ºÃ£¡
4 1phonebookÃüÁîµÄʹÓ÷½·¨£º
²éѯ»ú¹¹
- ÖªµÀ»ú¹¹Ãû£¬Ïë²éÕҵ绰ºÍµØÖ·£ºphonebook:»ú¹¹Ãû ³ÇÊÐ ÖÝphonebook:»ú¹¹Ãû ÓÊÕþ±àÂë
- ÖªµÀµç»°Ïë²é»ú¹¹ºÍµØÖ·£ºphonebook:µç»°ºÅÂ루°üÀ¨µØÇøºÅ£©
2¡¢²éѯסլµç»°
- ÖªµÀÈËÃû²éµç»°phonebook:Ãû£¨»òµÚÒ»¸ö×ÖĸËõд£© ÐÕ ³ÇÊÐ ÖÝ£¨¿ÉÑ¡£©phonebook:Ãû£¨»òµÚÒ»¸ö×ÖĸËõд£© ÐÕ ÖÝphonebook:Ãû£¨»òµÚÒ»¸ö×ÖĸËõд£© ÐÕ µØÇøºÅphonebook:Ãû£¨»òµÚÒ»¸ö×ÖĸËõд£© ÐÕ ÓÊÕþ±àÂëphonebook:ÐÕ ³ÇÊÐ ÖÝphonebook:ÐÕ ÓÊÕþ±àÂë
- ÖªµÀµç»°²éÈËÃûphonebook:µç»°ºÅÂ루°üÀ¨µØÇøºÅ£©
ÈçÏëÏÞ¶¨Ö»²éѯ»ú¹¹£¬ÃüÁîΪ¡°bphonebook¡±£»ÈçÖ»²éסլµç»°£¬ÃüÁîΪ¡°rphonebook¡±¡£
ÓëGoogleµÄÆäËûËÑË÷ÃüÁîÒ»Ñù£¬Ã°ºÅΪӢÎÄ×Ö·ûÇÒºóÃæ²»ÄÜÓпոñ¡£Èç²»Ïë±ðÈËÔÚGoogleÉϲé×Ô¼ºµÄµç»°£¬¿ÉÔÚGoogle PhoneBook Name RemovalÒ³ÃæÖн«¼Ç¼ȥ³ý¡£Ä¿Ç°phonebook½öÏÞÓÚ²éÃÀ¹úµÄµç»°¡£
µ±È»£¬ÀûÓÃGoogle»¹ÄܲéÈËÃû£¬»òÅóÓÑÐÅÏ¢¡£ÈçÊäÈë ÐÕÃû @£¬±ãÄܲ鵽һ¸öÈ˵ĵç×ÓÓʼþÐÅÏ¢¡£
5 ²éÕÒÒѹýÈ¥µÄÐÅÏ¢
²éÕÒÏÈÇ°µÄÐÅÏ¢£¬¿ÉÀûÓÃÍøÒ³¿ìÕÕ¹¦ÄÜ¡£¶ÔÎÞ·¨·ÃÎʵÄÕ¾µã£¬Ò²ÄÜÓÐЧÀûÓÿìÕÕ¶ø»ñµÃÐí¶àÖØÒªÐÅÏ¢¡£
6 ²»ºÃµÄÓÃ;
ÓÉÓÚËüµÄ¹¦ÄÜÌ«Ç¿´ó£¬Òò¶ø²¡¶¾¡¢ºÚ¿Í¶¼ÔÚÀûÓÃËü¡£ËüÒ×ÓÚ±©Â¶ÍøÓѵÄÐÅÏ¢¡¢µçÄÔ©¶´¡£
7 GoogleÔõô¶Á£¿Çë²é×Öµä°É£¬ËüÔ´ÓÚGoogolÕâ¸ö´Ê£¬½ðɽ´Ê°Ô¿ÉÒÔ
8 GoogleÄÜËÑË÷¼¸²ãÁ´½Ó£¿
GoogleÊÇͨ¹ý¶ÔÁ´½ÓµÄ×·×Ù¶øËÑË÷µ½È«ÇòÍøÒ³£¬ÄÇôËüÄÜËÑË÷¶àÉÙ²ãÍøÒ³¡£ÈçÎҵĸöÈËÖ÷Ò³£ºÉúÎï¹È http://bioon.com/,ÔÚGoogle¿´À´£¬ÕâÒÑÊÇÁ½²ãÁË£¬ÎÒÔÙ²éÒ»ÏÂGoogle¶ÔÎҵĸöÈËÖ÷Ò³ÊÕ¼Çé¿ö£¬·¢ÏÖ£¬GoogleÄÜËÑË÷µ½ÎÒµÄÖ÷Ò³µÄÏÂÁ½²ã£¬Ò²¼´GoogleÄÜËÑË÷ËIJãÍøÒ³¡£¿ÉÒÔÍƲâGoogleÄÜ·ÖÎöÁ´½Ó´ïËIJ㡣Èç¹û´ï¸üÉîµÄ²ã£¬ÔòÎÞÒìÔö¼ÓGoogleµÄ¸ººÉ£¬¶øÇÒÐí¶àÖ÷Ò³µÄËIJãÒÔ϶àÊÇÒ»´ËС¶«¶«£¬ÉõÖÁ¿ÉºöÂÔ¡£²»¹ý£¬¶Ô¸öÈËÖ÷Ò³ÔòÉÔ³ÔЩ¿÷ÁË
[Ó¡ÏóÅÉ (2-8 16:54, Long long ago)] [ ´«Í³°æ | sForum ][µÇ¼ºó»Ø¸´]19Â¥

(ÒýÓà ӡÏóÅÉ:ÈçºÎ²éÕÒÎÄÏ×µÄÈ«ÎÄ(¾ÍËã¹ú´óͼÊé¹ÝÒ²²»ÊÇËùÓÐjournalÂòÍêµÄ,»¹ÊÇÓõÃÉÏ£©×¢£ºÓÉÓڴ󲿷ÖԺУδÄܹºÂô¹úÄÚÍâÉÌҵҽѧÊý¾Ý¿â£¬ÈçPUBMED¡¢E...)GoogleËÑË÷´ÓÈëÃŵ½¾«Í¨v4.0http://www.bioguider.com/Article_Show.asp?ArticleID=2189
[Ó¡ÏóÅÉ (2-8 16:56, Long long ago)] [ ´«Í³°æ | sForum ][µÇ¼ºó»Ø¸´]20Â¥


<<ʼҳ¡¡ [1]¡¡ 2¡¡ 3¡¡ ÏÂÒ³>¡¡ Ä©Ò³>>¡¡
µÇ¼ | Ê×Ò³ -> »ªÐÂÏÊÊ -> Çóѧʨ³Ç | [ˢб¾Ò³] | Çл»µ½£º´«Í³°æ / sForum